Контрольна робота для студентів 4 курсу іздн

Варіант 4

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Introduction to Aircraft Components

There are thousands of designs and ideas about aircraft which have been developed through aviation history. Despite this some main components became permanent in every aircraft design.

F ixed-wing aircraft components

Although airplanes are designed for a variety of purposes, most of them have the same major components. Most airplane structures include a fuselage, wings, an empennage, landing gear, and a powerplant. There are many other parts as well.

Fuselage

The fuselage is an aircraft's main body section that holds crew and passengers or cargo. In single-engine aircraft it will usually contain an engine, although in some amphibious aircraft the single engine is mounted on a pylon attached to the fuselage which in turn is used as a floating hull. The fuselage also serves to position control and stabilization surfaces in specific relationships to lifting surfaces, required for aircraft stability and maneuverability.

Empennage

The empennage (also called tail) is the rear part of the aircraft. Usually it includes the stabilizers, rudder and elevator as many other components. In fighter jets it may be constructed around the exhaust nozzle, as in some three-engine airplanes (with the third engine in the fuselage). In commercial aircrafts the empennage is built from the cabin pressure-cone and may contain the Flight Data Recorder ("black box"), Cockpit Voice Recorder and the pressure out-flow valve.

Wings

The wings are airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage and are the main lifting surfaces that support the airplane in flight. There are numerous wing designs, sizes, and shapes used by the various manufacturers. Each fulfills a certain need with respect to the expected performance for the particular airplane.

Landing gear

The undercarriage or landing gear in aviation, is the structure that supports an aircraft on the ground and allows it to taxi, takeoff and land. Typically wheels are used, but skids, skis, floats or a combination of these and other elements can be deployed, depending on the surface. Wheeled undercarriages normally come in two types: conventional or "taildragger" undercarriage, where there are two main wheels towards the front of the aircraft and a single, much smaller, wheel or skid at the rear; or tricycle undercarriage where there are two main wheels (or wheel assemblies) under the wings and a third smaller wheel in the nose.

Control surfaces

As aircraft move in three dimensions we need various control devices to control it. Fixed-wing aircrafts have control surfaces for each one of these dimensions. Usually these are placed in the extremes of the aircraft (tail and wings) to get the maximum strength and response using small moving parts thanks to the lever concept.

Note that an airplane is easier to maneuver as more unstable it is. Stability can be provided by stabilizers and fuselage and wing design.