Van Dijk:

• Text\talk is read\heard and interpreted on line, unit by unit (word for word)

• On the basis of world knowledge, as well as knowledge of words, syntactic structure, overall meaning (topics), discourse structures and aspects of context (goals, etc), such units are assigned provisional meaning.

• Models are both personal (featuring individual knowledge, beliefs, opinions of language users) as well social (applying general, socially shared knowledge), but each model is unique.

• A text is meaningful when the recipient is able to construct a model for it.

• The whole process of U is coordinated by the modern language users on the communicative situations, namely their context model.

• Context model tells the language user what the aims of the discource are, who the participants and their roles are, what they know and do not yet know, in what setting the discourse is being understood and so on. It is necessary to understand such diverse properties of discourse as its intonation, lexical and syntactical style, which meanings are expressed or left implicit and what speech acts are being performed.

• Mental model: something you know or have an opinion about, is gradually (step by step) transformed in the meanings of a discourse, and then expressed word for word, following the constrains of the context model.

• Tubbs and Moss’ model of communication:

1. Input includes all the stimuli, both past and present, that give us information anout the world

2. Verbal message: intentional VM are conscious attempts we make to communicate with others through speech\unintentional VM are things we say without meaning to.

3. Non-verbal messages

4. Interference - is anything that distorts the information transmitted to receiver or distract him or her from receiving it.

5. Technical interference: factors that cause the receiver to perceive distortion: speech impediment, mumbling, loud music.

6. Semantic interference: the receiver does not attribute the same meaning to the signal that the sender does.

7. Feedback is the return to you of the behavior you have generated

8. Communication is effective when the stimulus as it was initiated and intended by the sender corresponds closely with the stimulus as it is perceived and responded to by the receiver.

9. Perceptual filters (culture-bound)

10. Roles: work roles, student role, gender roles, marital roles.

Logic in linguistics. Corpus Linguistics:

We discover our identity as individuals and social beings when we acquire language during childhood. L serves a means of cognition and communication. Almost a century ago Bowden de Courtenay summed up the necessity of showing that there exists order in language though it is treated as chaos. Assuring orderliness in chaos is the task that has been tackled by scholars representing different fields of knowledge such as philosophy, logic, linguistics, psycholinguistics and so on. We proceed from the assumption that by sorting out our linguistic and extra L experience. Lang comes to bring orderliness into its own development and change. To achieve this purpose Lang employs different ways of categorizing L experience. One of the ways is structuring discourse as a system of cognitive and communicative functions. Austin and Searle turn to discourse as an exhibition of communicative activity that possesses psychological ethno specific and social-cultural characteristics. It was an attempt to define the type under the surface of organization of form and content relationships that stimulate communication. If we look at discourse as an iceberg whose tip and under the surface parts are united by the communicative intention of the author then the principles of classifying communicative intentions will pathe the way to investigation the formal scheme of discourse development.

Recent formalization of various aspects of SAT in artificial intelligence and computational L (Bunt and Black 200, Jurafsky 2004).

Artificial intelligence is defined as I exhibited by an artificial entity

It deals with intelligent behavior, learning and adaptation in machines.

Research in AI is concerned with producing machines to automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior.

It has become a scientific discipline, focused on providing solutions to real life problems.

Natural language processing:

• A subfield of artificial intelligence and linguistics

• Studies the problems of automated generation and understanding of natural human languages.

NLP systems convert information from computer databases into normal-sounding human language

NL understanding systems convert samples of human language into more formal representations that are easier for computer programs to manipulate.

NLP requires extensive knowledge of outside world and the definition of understanding is one of the major problems in NLP.

Problems which make NLP dissicult: in most spoken L the sounds represented excessive letters blend into each other. In natural speech there are hardly any poses between successive words. The location of those boundaries usually must take into account grammatical and semantic constrains as was in the context.

• Speech segmentation – Chinese doesn’t single word boundaries either. Any significant text parsing (syntax analysis) usually requires the identification of word boundaries which is often a difficult task.

• Text segmentation – we select the meaning which makes the most sense in the context.

• Word sense disambiguity

• syntactic ambiguity – the grammar for NL is ambiguous too. Choosing the most appropriate parse treat. Usually requires semantic and contextual interpretation.

• imperfect or irregular input – foreign and regional accents vocal impediments in speech, typing mistakes.

• speech acts and plans

Computational L – field dealing with statistical and logical modeling of natural language from computational perspective.

The research has shown that language is much more complex as previously thought. And the L atmosphere has changed drastically.

CL draws upon the involvement of linguists, computer scientists, experts in artificial intelligence, cognitive psychologists and logicians.

It originated in 50-es to have computers automatically translate texts primarily Russian scientific journals into English. Machine translation failed to immediate accurate translation. The problem was recognized as far more complex. When artificial intelligence appeared in 60^th the field of CL became a subdivision of artificial intelligence dealing with human level comprehension and production of natural languages.

Subfields:

• speech recognition and speech synthesis deal with how spoken language can be understood or created using computers.

• Parsing and generation deal respectively with taking language apart and putting it together.

• Machine translation deals with having computers translate between languages.

Areas of research:

• Part-of-speech tagging (the progress of marking up the words in a text with their corresponding parts of speech).

• Parsing (the process of analyzing an input sequence in order to determine its grammatical structure with respect to a given formal grammar. It is formally named syntax analysis).

• Research in the relation between formal and natural languages in general

• Machine translation

• Computer aided corpus linguistics – a very different from a traditional practice of citation gathering.

Corpora are large and systematic enterprises: whole texts or whole sections of texts are included (conversation, magazine articles, brochures, newspapers, lectures, sermons, broadcasts, chapters of novels, etc)

Can stand as a reasonable representative sample of a language as a whole.

More objective and confident descriptions of usage and statements about frequency of usage

A total account of the linguistic features in any of the texts contained a corpus.

A hypotheses about the way the language works.

A corpus which is widely accessible enables researches in different locations to collaborate in the analysis of particular purposes and the results from a wide range of projects are more comparable than if different corpora have been employed.

Scholars try to use C more.