Question card № 8

1. Oghuz state (politic and social history, economy).

In the VI. Oguzes created empire stretching from China to the Black Sea. In the VIII century. Turkic-speaking Uighurs forced them to move from Mongolia to the west. In the IX century. One of the groups Oguzes crossed the Volga River and was the crowd Pechenegs. In the X century. another group of them settled in Bukhara.

In the XI century. Part Oguzes moved to the south, in Persia, a part - to the west, the Mediterranean, and the rest passing through southern Russia, settled in the Balkans. Western Oguzes was in vassalage from the Khazars, the latter sometimes used Oguzes against Pechenegs, sometimes they fought. In the 968-969g. Oguzes in union c Kievan prince defeated the Khazar city of Itil and Semender. In the middle of XI century Oguz association was ransacked Kivchagh. After this part Oguzes went to the west, repopulating the southern Russian steppes, the other part moved to Khorasan. In the XII century Oguzes mentioned as a major population and hosts the city and region Saksin in the Volga Delta.

2. Kazakhstan during the Civil war in 1918-1920 years.

Capture by the boards of power led to armed resistance of the overthrown classes. Civil War continued the struggle for power (there was no clear line between revolution and war). One of the first centers emerged in November 1917 in Orenburg, where the Cossack chieftain Dutov overthrew the Soviet regime. to the cadets and officers came to deal with the Soviet authorities in Verniy. The counter-revolutionary center was in Uralsk (overclocked Council). November 1917 - the main White Guard forces in Kazakhstan (the officers, fists the Cossacks, the Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries, the leaders of Alash). By the summer of 1918, takes a broad scale. Main striking force of the imperialist states - the Czech Corps. White Guards seized power in Semipalatinsk, the Semirechie. Fighting with Whites had a partisan nature. With chehoslovatskiy body (behind it Entente countries) in Samara was created esero-gvardejskij government Komuch (a committee of the constituent assembly) in Omsk, the government led by Kolchak Ataman Dutov again raises the rebellion, captured Orenburg. Concluded with the Union Alash Orda, in June 1918, it recognized all the documents of Soviet power void. Cavalry regiments against the Red Army. began to form with a help of Dutov. Armed resistance in Kazakhstan - part of the civil war in Russia. During the war were building the Red Army. Summer 1918 - created the national military units. The scope of guerrilla(партизанские) movements. The defeat of the forces of Kolchak, the White Guard lifting power with much of Kazakhstan (1919). In March 1920, was eliminated last civil war front in Kazakhstan.

Question card № 9

1. Qarakhan state (political history, peculiarities of economics and social organization).

The main occupation of people was extensive and semi-nomadic pastoralism. The main form of land tenure was ikta, ie division at inheritance, in which the rights of members of the genus karahanidskogo - Hakan, Ileka, Tegin. Weak central authority. The military administration is separated from the administration. Rannefeodalnaya military lennaya structure. P 960 was adopted Islam as state religion, in connection with the ancient Runic alphabet is replaced by a new script based on Arabic. Political history. Aggressive movement of Turks in Maverannakhra led to a rapid drop in Samanids. In chapter 992 state-wa Bograhan Harun captured Bukhara, at 996-999 his successor Nasr I mastered all Maverannakhra. From 60-70-ies. XI century. start collision with the Seljuks, resulting in poor decentralization and internal usobitsami state of proved according to the Seljuks, especially when the Seljuk Sultan Sanjar (1118-57). Invasion karakitaev 30's - early 40-ies. XII century. Karahanidov placed under their supreme power. In 1212 the remains of Karahanidskogo state-wah were eliminated horezmshahom Muhammad.