2. The disintegration of ussr: the causes and consequences. The formation of cis.

Education CIS. C. 80 years at the Congress of People's Deputies and party forums discussed the idea of sovereignty, economic independence, separation of powers between the Center and the republics a new union treaty. However, the USSR did not want to go on a serious reform of relations between the Center and the republics. There is still a confirmed rate for the construction of socialism, multi denied. All this is in contradiction with the increasing liberalization of society, the growth of mass political activity and awareness of the need for reform. The idea of forming the Union, taking into account the new reality was wide support «from below» - from autonomous to the Soviet republics. In Kazakhstan, the concept of self-government and the republic. Natural phenomenon of public life in Kazakhstan has been the development of the informal movement, which was the primary environmental movement. Overall in 1991, there were over 120 separate groups. But only two movements were officially registered status ( «Nevada» and «Azat»). The process of becoming a multi Kazakhstan began. 25 October 1990 the Supreme Council of the Republic adopted the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Kazakh SSR. Developments in Kazakhstan have been closely linked to events in the USSR. At the initiative of Kazakhstan have signed bilateral agreements with Belarus, Russia and other republics recognize each other's sovereignty, the existing boundaries, establishing mutually beneficial economic ties. In December 1990 / NANazarbayev / and leaders of other republics of the Soviet Union were to make an alliance of sovereign states. The joint work of the leaders of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan to develop novoogarevskogo agreement. However, the work on this project was interrupted by the coup attempt in Moscow in August 1991. After the August putsch and the failure of the Communist Party of Soviet Union was dissolved, and as part of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, a republic has become a de facto independent. In these circumstances, there is a need for sufficient powers of the President of Kazakhstan, as head of the supreme executive and administrative power in the republic. 1 December 1991 presidential elections were held nationwide. December 8, in the Bialowieza Forest met leaders of three republics - Russia, Byelorussia and Ukraine - and said that talks on reforming the Union reached an impasse, the union virtually collapsed. December 10, President Nursultan Nazarbayev took office. The Supreme Council decided to rename the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic to the Republic of Kazakhstan. 11 December at a meeting in Ashgabat, the leaders of the republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan had expressed a willingness to full participation in the formation of a new commonwealth. 16 December 1991 the Supreme Council proclaimed the independence of Kazakhstan - a democratic state that has full authority on its territory, self-defining and conducting internal and external policies. 21 December 1991 in Alma-Ata at the meeting of heads of 11 independent states of the former Soviet Union, was signed a protocol agreement on the establishment of the CIS.