2. The feats of labour of Kazakhstan people during the Great Patriotic War.

Kazakhstan Takes evacuated enterprises (220 enterprises). Lowest point production drop - 1 half of 1942 During the war years in Kazakhstan, built 460 factories, mills, mines, mines. Produce 85% of lead, copper 30%, 70% of polymetallic ores. On the whole, industrial production for the years 1941-1945 increased by 37%. Military spending was redirected light and the local industry. In the eastern region has shifted the center of gravity of food the army and the population. In agriculture, the most difficult was the problem frames: towards the end of the war up to 70-80% of all workers in agriculture were women. In the western parts of Kazakhstan were deployed about 370 thousand head of cattle from the occupied areas. Proper livestock has also been retained. Otgonny method was used for cattle. In total during the war years Kazakhstan has given 5.8 million tons of grain and 734 tons of meat. Number of students in schools has declined. Developing the science of Kazakhstan. The cooperation of different teams. The broad scope of acquisitions and voluntary assistance front (warm clothing, weapons). Republic march over some areas of Leningrad and Moscow regions. Sent to the country's tanks and other weapons.

Question card № 19

1. The state of Golden Horde (political history, social organization).

Golden Horde state with its center in the lower Volga region, was founded in 1243 Batyi Mongol Khan (1237-1255), son of Dzhuchi, grandson of Genghis Khan. The full sovereignty of the Golden Horde acquired with Meng-Timur in 1266, separate from the Great Mongolia, with its capital in Hanbalyke (1260-1368). Most Nomads Golden Horde were kypchaki. Since 1312 - Islamic State. Disappeared at the beginning of XVI century. The Golden Horde was a multinational and multicultural state. At the head of the state were the descendants of Genghis Khan - the torus. In particularly important cases of political life convened nationwide collection - Kurultay. Public affairs, led the first minister (beklyare-back - the prince of the princes), whom the Minister - Vezirov. In the city and subordinate field sent plenipotentiaries - Darug, whose main duty was to collect taxes and fees. Often, along with Darug appointed military leaders - Baskakov. State structure was paramilitary in nature, as well as military and administrative positions, as a rule, do not share. The most important positions occupied by members of the ruling dynasty, Prince (oglany), given in the owner of the Golden Horde and the heads of troops. From among the races (noyonov) and Tarkhanov left main frames command troops - Temnikov, thousands, centurion, and bakauly (officials distributed a military maintenance, mining, etc.). Already during her education at Golden Horde shared ulus, 14 belonged to the sons Dzhuchi: 13 brothers were polusamostoyatelnymi Sovereign, subordinate to the supreme power Bata. After the assassination of Khan Janibekov disturbance started in 1357 that established the beginning of the disintegration of a unified state. From 1357 to 1380 at the Golden Horde throne perebyvalo over 25 khans. In 1360-1370-s became the de facto ruler Temnikov Mamay. In the early 1360's from the Golden Horde no longer Khorezm, and in 1362 Lithuanian prince Olgerd seized land in the basin of the Dnipro river, separated Astrakhan. My mother had, moreover, faced with the efforts of the Moscow principality. When Han Tohtamyshe (1380-95) ended distemper, and the central government began to control the main area of Golden Horde. Tohtamysh in 1380 defeated the army of Mamaia on the river Kalka in 1382 went to Moscow. After strengthening his power, he spoke out against Tamerlane. As a result, a number of devastating campaigns Tamerlane defeated the forces Tohtamysha, seized and destroyed the Volga city, including the Saray-Berke, robbed the city of Crimea, etc. The Golden Horde was a hit from which it has not been able to recover.