2. The nep in Kazakhstan (1921-1925) and its nature.

Famine (голод) in 1921-1922 in Kazakhstan 20-30 years was the most tragic. Kazakhstan - a place of banishment (ссылки), a policy of genocide. The transition to agriculture did not consider the ecology, culture. Arena for political and economic experiments. The plight of livestock, reduction of crop (посевные) area, yields (урожайность) are declining, and drought. Famine in 1921-1922. Death by starvation and disease, mass migration - a rare decline(численность) in population. Economic and political crisis. Concerned peasant unrest, the government is to liberalize the economy, in March 1921 introduced the NEP. The transition from the surplus to a flat tax. NEP years 1921-1929 gg. (Transition from the policy of War Communism). Producers can sell their surplus product on the market. Stabilization of the economy. Unfold fair. Areas sown (увеличились). The most bright figure of the time - the Soviet bourgeoisie. Economy takes a diverse nature, the existence of different forms of ownership. Along with this Goloshchekin affirms the need to pass on auls Small October Revolution, the eradication of social differentiation. Mass transition to settlement. Beginning in 1919 - confiscation Bai farms. Government moves away from the NEP, the course was chosen for collectivization. One of the reasons for the transition to NEP - peasant uprisings against the "war communism". March 1921 - X Congress RKPb has decided to transition to the NEP. NEP: Prodnalog, Cooperation, rent, hired labor. May 24, 1921 - Decree "On the exchange of" increased importance of trade. 1922 - Kazakhstan allocated 25 million rubles. the purchase of agricultural machinery and implements, and 2 million rubles. the purchase of cattle. 1922 - rejected the contract with Urquhart on the date of the concession Reeder and Ekibastuz. Since January 1, 1024 - Tax shall consist only of money. The results of the NEP: In 1925, the number of livestock increased 2-fold, and in 1929 on the eve of collectivization was 40.5 million head. In 1028 the sown area reached the 1913 level (4.4 million ha.) In 1928, ¾ of the total number of peasants were middle peasants. In the years 1027-1928 was completed restoration industry.

Question card № 12

1. Kypshaks in the history of Kazakhstan (Location, economy, social organization, political history, culture).

The territory was divided into two parts: East - from the Irtysh to the Volga, the capital - Sygnak; West - from the Volga to the Dnieper River, the capital - Shed. Political, social and economic history, culture. Kypchaki primarily engaged in nomadic pastoralism, and crafts. Gašparovič similar kimakskomu Kaganate (because Qypchaq khanate was formed after its dissolution). Power is transmitted by inheritance. Hierarchical system dominated by the aristocracy:

Khans → Tarkan → Baskakov → Beki → batir

Genera and tribes are also divided on the significance. Unequal society, there was private ownership of livestock. Lower sections of the population - obschinniki and poor, slaves still existed - the disempowered group. Separation of the Khanate in the two wings. Prior to the XII century. religion is paganism. The beginning of XI century. moving towards the north-eastern borders of Khorezm, displacing Oguzes of the lower Syr Darya. In the middle of XI century kypchaki moving Edil subdue the tribes zapadnokangarskie valley Ten and Uzeu (Dnieper). By the beginning of XII century, the land occupied by kypchakami, divided into two major groups. In XI-XII centuries, Eastern Qypchaq State is divided into two wings. At the end of the XII century. kypchaki experiencing a crisis. In 1182 Khan Alp-Kára Uranium sent horezmshahu embassy, which has entered into an alliance with Khoresm against kara-Kidane. The raid that took place during the summer of that year, ended with the victory and was released from kypchaki Kidane Taraz. In 1195 Horezmshah made in the campaign against Kadyr-Bugu Khan. In 1200 Alp-Derek, who became the new Khan, acknowledged himself a vassal Khorezm. In 1210 he moved the capital to Otrar and began to rule on behalf of horezmshaha, taking the title Gayyr Khan. In 1216 during one of the military campaigns by chance encounter with an army of Genghis Khan, persecuting Merkit who fled the country kypchaks. Then there was the era of the Mongol, conquest.

2. The peculiarities of the process if industrialization in Kazakhstan (1920-1934).

Industrialization - equipped with machinery of all sectors of the economy. Industrialization began with the study of natural resources. Gubkin - studied the Ural-Embinsky area. Satpayev - studied deposits(месторождение) of copper in Dzhezkazgan. 1920 at 1 km2 area accounted for 1 km. of railways. The first object of industrialization - Turksib (construction began in 1927). Among the leaders of the construction was Turksib Ryskulov. Head Turksib - Omarov. Turksib built 100 thousand people per day were laid down 1,500 meters. In April 1930, completed construction on the station of Ain-Mulak. Was created an oil base - Oil Emba. December 1935 - the first gathering of the foremost non-ferrous (цветная) industry. 1935 - the share of Kazakhs in the composition of the working class is equal to 43%. The crisis in the industry, the need for industrialization. Dzerzhinsky offered in 1 turn, to develop small industries to ensure that farmers goods. Pyatakov - for heavy industry, it supports Stalin. Funds(средства) for construction - transfer, taxes on private farms. Since 1926, the country takes the policy of accelerating(ускорение) industrialization. Kazakhstan, on the plans, one of the main areas of industrialization. Kazakhstan was the socio-economically backward(отсталым). Goloshchekin supports the establishment of the extractive industries and railways. Construction Turksib (from Almaty to Semipalatinsk) in 1927-1931 gg. The export of raw materials. In 1929, a review of 5-year plan (1928-1932 gg.) In favor of accelerating industrialization. Reconstruction of old and construction of new plants (Ust-Kamenogorsk lead-zinc). Kazakhstan was at 3 place for extraction of oil. Sadvokasov opposed to industrialization, but he wasn’t listened. Industrialization in an overvalued plan (quantity versus-против quality). Kazakhstan lasted until WWII. Labor shortages, low-skill, falls discipline, hooliganism. The growth of cities, the formation of slave class. Industry - the dominant industry.