Валерия Андреевна Кухаренко
СЕМИНАРИИ ПО СТИЛИСТИКЕ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
(на английском языке)
Редактор Н. И. Александрова
Издательский редактор Р. И. Заславская
Художественный редактор С. Г. Абслин
Художник А. В. Алексеев
Технический редактор Э. М. Чижевский
Корректор Е, В. Комаров?
Сдано d набор 20/Х-69 г. Подп. к печати 10/XI-70 г. Формат 84^108!7з2. Объем 5,75 печ. л., уел п. л.
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Тематический план издательства «Высшая школа»
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Издательство «Высшая школа»
Типография «Моряк», Одесса, Ленина, 26.
CONTENTS
Chapter I Page
Foreword.................................................................................... 4
Stylistic Differentiation of the English Vocabulary .............. 6
Guide to Stylistic Differentiation of the English Vocabulary….. 6
I. Literary Stratum of Words................................................... 6
II. Colloquial Stratum of Words.............................................. 7
Exercises................................................................................... 8
Chapter II
Stylistic Devices....................................................................... 23
Guide to Stylistic Devices.......................................................... 23
I. Guide to Lexical Stylistic Devices......................................... 24
A. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction Between the Logical
and Nominal Meanings of a Word. Antonomasia ........................ 24
B. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction Between Two Logical
Meanings of a Word.................................................................... 21
С. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction Between the Logical
and Emotive Meanings of a Word................................................. 25
D. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction Between the Free and Phraseological Meanings of a Word (or Between the
Meanings of Two Homonyms)....................................................... 26
Exercises ............................................................................ 27
II. Guide to Syntactical Stylistic Devices.................................. 63
Exercises.................................................................................... 66
III. Guide to Lexico-Syntnctical Stylistic Devices.............. 85
Exercises................................................................................... 87
IV. Guide to Graphical and Phonetic Expressive Means………..106
Exercises.......................................................................................107
Chapter III
Functional Styles...................................................................... 113
Chapter IV
Excerpts for Complex Stylistic Analysis………………………….127
Supplement........................................................................................157
List of Authors Whose Works Were Used in Compiling the Manual…183
List of Newspapers Quoted in the Manual............................................184
FOREWORD
The theoretical foundation of the present manual is Prof. I. R. Galperin's well-known book "Очерки по стилистике английского языка" (M., 1958).
Seminar in Style is an attempt to supply the student of English stylistics with materials illustrating the theoretical course of lectures and enabling him to start his independent stylistic analysis.
Proceeding from Prof. Galperin's statement about the aims and concerns of stylistics,* the author believes that the aim of seminars is to teach the student to recognize the sources of expressiveness of poetic discourse, to describe and specify the whole range of stylistic devices found in the language, establish .their relevant characteristics and functions and indicate the interdependence between the latter and the context; also to describe functional styles of the language and state the hierarchy of system-forming features within each of them. Correspondingly the manual falls into four chapters:
I. Stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary. II Stylistic devices.
III. Functional styles.
IV. Excerpts for complex stylistic analysis. Exercises of each chapter form two groups:
(1) those intended for the identification of the discussed phenomenon;
(2) those offered for the general functional analysis of it.
The textbook concludes with a supplement presenting samples of stylistic analysis, and the list of authors whose works were used in the Exercises.
Due to certain detalization and modification introduced into Prof. Galperin's classification and elaboration of stylistic entities the author found it advisable to supply each chapter with a guide where particularities concerning concrete facts under discussion are briefly explained and summarized.
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In conclusion the author wants to express her sincerest thanks to the stylistic section of the Chair of English Lexicology and Stylistics of the Maurice Thorez Moscow State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages, headed by Assistant-professor E. G. Soshalskaya; to Professor N. S. Chemodanov, Head of the Chair of German Philology of Moscow State University; to Assistant-professor of Ihe Chair of English Philology of Moscow State University A. I. Poltoratsky; and to Y. M. Skrebnev, Head of the Chair of English Philology of Gorky State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages for their critical remarks and valid help in reviewing the present manual.
/. R. Galperin. Javlajetza li stilistika urovnem jazika? In: "Problem! jazikoznanija", Mosc, 1967, p. 198—203.
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CHAPTER I
STYLISTIC DIFFERENTIATION OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY
GUIDE TO STYLISTIC DIFFERENTIATION OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Proceeding from the heterogeneity of the vocabulary it is divided in the present manual into neutral — the bulkiest—literary and colloquial strata.
I. Literary stratum of words
I. The first subdivision of literary words to come under discussion are archaisms. Their main types illustrated by the given examples arc: archaisms proper, i. e., antiquated or obsolete words replaced by new ones (e. g., anon—at once; haply—perhaps; befall—happen, etc.); historical words, i. e., words denoting such concepts and phenomena that have gone out of use in modern times (i. e., knight, spear, lance, etc.); poetic words, i. e., archaic words with the fixed sphere of usage in poetry and elevated prose and with the function of imbuing the work of art with a lofty poetic colouring (e. g., woe—sorrow; hapless—unlucky; staunch—firm, barken—hear, etc.); morphological (or partial) archaisms, i. e., archaic forms of otherwise non-archaic words (e. g., speaketh, cometh, wrougth, brethren,
etc.).
The main stylistic function of archaisms, besitres the indicated poetic function, is to re-create the atmosphere of antiquity. Not seldom though archaisms occurring in otherwise inappropriate surroundings are intentionally used by the writer to cause humorous effect.
II. The second subdivision of literary words is presented by barbarisms and foreign words which are used mainly to supply the narrated events with the proper local colouring and to convey the idea of the foreign origin or cultural and educational status of the personage.
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III. The third group is made of terms. As it is well known their main stylistic function is to create the true-to-life atmosphere of the narration, but terms can also be used with a parodying function, thus creating humorous effect.
IV. Neologisms comprising the fourth item offered for the students' investigation are represented only by the group of stylistically coloured individual neologisms (or nonce-words, or occasional words), which are created on the basis of the existing word-building patterns but have validity only in and for the given context. Usually they are heavily stylistically loaded, their major stylistic functions being the creation either of the effect of laconism, terseness and implication or that of witty humour and satire.
II. Colloquial stratum of words
I. Slang is the most extended and vastly developed subgroup of non-standard colloquial layer of the vocabulary. Besides separate words it includes also highly figurative phraseology. Occurring mainly in dialogue, slang serves to create speech characteristics of personages.
II. Among vulgarisms, the second subdivision to identify and analyse, we should differentiate those, which, through long usage, have lost their abusive character and became mere signals of ruffled emotions, and those which preserved their initial characteristics and serve to insult and humiliate the addressee of the remark or to convey the speaker's highly negative evaluation of the object in question. The first have lost much (or all) of their shocking power, became hackneyed and moved close to standard colloquial words (cf Russ. 'чертовски', or Engl. 'devil') while the latter, which may be called vulgarisms proper comprise the main bulk of this vocabulary group.
III.Both subgroups of jargonisms are functioning in limited spheres of society. The difference lies in the character and causes of limitation: professional jargonisms, or professionalisms, circulate within communities joined by professional interests and are emotive synonyms to terms; social jargonisms are to be found within groups characterized by social integrity, they are emotive synonyms, to
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neutral words of the general word-stock and purposefully conceal or disguise the meaning of the expressed concept.
IV. Dialectal words, as it is well known, are introduced into the speech of personages to indicate their origin. The number of dialectal words and their frequency also indicate the educational and cultural level of the speaker.
EXERCISES