Voltage Variation for Three Phase Alternating Current

This is a picture of 3 sine waves off a reading from an oscilloscope. This is showing 3 voltages from a 3 phase, the red line (voltage) is in front of the blue and yellow meaning the voltage is constant., being the aim of a three phase system. Below is showing another reading of just one phase where the current and voltage have a 90 degree phase shift. You can see this by the voltage bottom is 90 degrees from the currents top. This is also showing that the I (current) is in front of the e (voltage).

for reference through the walk through you need to understand, that when a sinusoidal (Having a succession of waves or curves) voltage is applied to capacitor(explained later), then the current that is running through the capacitor will be co sinusoidal, i.e. the phase shift between the voltage and current is 90 degrees as pictured above. This is actually called vectoring in Hectors terms and should be used to denote such meaning through out this explanation. You have to think in vectors (imagine voltage vector and then current vector and they are positioned at right angles towards each other). see below on the right

on the right is a phasor diagram (named as such because it is a vector representation of phase). The sine wave is showing the frequency and amplitude.

In general where there is a phase shift by 90°: (between the bottom of A and the top of B) no power is lost in the circuit. (an important fact) more details of why is available in the e-book links.

Back to impedance and its role in the rotor conversion

Recalling that impedance is the general name given to the ratio of voltage to current. When in a R (resistor) and L (inductor) circuit. Resistance is a special case of impedance. Another special case is that in this case where the voltage and current are out of phase by 90°, the ratio of voltage to current is called the reactance, and it has the symbol X.

The roll of high impedance is essentially a key foundation required for the roto conversion to function. Impedance is like a resistance. Consider you drive a resonant (alternating back and forth explained next) oscillating system (like the RV or a simple RLC circuit) from an AC source.

Note RLC means a circuit schematic that has a R resistor, an L inductor and a C capacitor (explained next)

If you’re oscillating System (of current) is without a load (there is no oscillating signal decay) and your oscillating Systems frequency and amplitude is the same as the AC source frequency there will be no current flowing from source to your system (AC to RV or RLC circuit).

That means, that in this case your power loss is 0, while your systems oscillating On. This is because the voltage of your oscillating System is in any time the SAME like the voltage of your source. Equal voltages->No current flow->No energy consumption. This is HIGH IMPEDANCE. The apparent resistance of your system, seen from the AC source, is nothing more like the voltage, which is equal to source in any time.

If you have a frequency mismatch (from your AC source and system) you would waste energy. One part of source energy would be used for increasing oscillation, the other part for dampening the same. Source loses energy while no energy is used for something useful .You just maintain an weaker oscillation while your source depletes, because the voltages of your system and your source are not equal in Any time. This is LOWER IMPEDANCE.

Relative links:

http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/AC.html

Grid Frequency

With an alternating current in the electrical grid, the current changes direction very

rapidly, as illustrated on the graph above: Ordinary household current in most of the world is 230 Volts alternating current with 50 cycles per second = 50 Hz ("Hertz" named after the German Physicist H.R. Hertz (1857-1894)). The number of cycles per second is also called the frequency of the grid. In America household current is 130 volts with 60 cycles per second (60 Hz).

In a 50 Hz system a full cycle lasts 20 milliseconds (ms), i.e. 0.020 seconds. During that

time the voltage actually takes a full cycle between +325 Volts and -325 Volts. The reason why we call this a 230 volt system is that the electrical energy per second (the power) on average is equivalent to what you would get out of a 230 volt DC system. As you can see in

the graph, the voltage has a nice, smooth variation. This type of wave shape is called a

sinusoidal curve, because you can derive it from the mathematical formula voltage = vmax *sin(360 * t * f), where vmax is the maximum voltage (amplitude), t is the time measured in seconds, and f is the frequency in Hertz, in our case f = 50. 360 is the number of degrees around a circle. (If you prefer measuring angles in radians, then replace 360 by 2*pi).Phase Since the voltage in an alternating current system keeps oscillating up and down you cannot connect a generator safely to the grid, unless the current from the generator oscillates with exactly the same frequency, and is exactly "in step" with the grid, i.e. that the timing of the voltage cycles from the generator coincides exactly with those of the grid. Being "in step" with the grid is normally called being in phase with the grid. If the currents are not in phase, there will be a huge power surge which will result in huge sparks, and ultimately damage to the circuit breaker (the switch), and/or the generator.

Capacitors and capacitance.

Whenever an electric voltage exists between two separated conductors an electric field is present with in the space of those conductors. Picture the wax and the wool as explained from the start after being rubbed together, as a result of an imbalance of electrons and protons between them, a charge or voltage exists between two points. Suffice to say that when ever voltage exists between two points an electric field will be present between them.

In basic electronics they study the interactions of voltage, current and resistance as they pertain to circuits which are conductive paths through which electrons may travel. However when we talk about fields we are dealing with interactions that can be spread across empty space. We are talking about electric fields and capacitors are devices that exploit them.

Fields have two measures: a field force and a field flux. The field force is the amount of "push" that a field exerts over a certain distance. The field flux is the total quantity, or effect, of the field through space. Picture a magnet and its magnetic field symbolized usually by circling lines (refer to the inductor picture) that’s the magnetic flux denoting how far the field can reach. The force is what it could push at a close distance.

Field force and flux are roughly analogous to voltage ("push") and current (flow) through a conductor, respectively, although field flux can exist in totally empty space (without the motion of particles such as electrons) whereas current can only take place where there are free electrons to move.

Field flux can be opposed in space, just as the flow of electrons can be opposed by resistance. The amount of field flux that will develop in space is proportional to the amount of field force applied, divided by the amount of opposition to flux. Just as the type of conducting material dictates that conductor's specific resistance to electric current, the type of insulating material separating two conductors dictates the specific opposition to field flux.

Normally, electrons cannot enter a conductor unless there is a path for an equal amount of electrons to exit. Think of a wire as a tube and the electrons as marbles. They will not be able to enter unless there is a path way for them to exit.

This is why conductors must be connected together in a circular path (a circuit) for continuous current to occur. Oddly enough, however, extra electrons can be "squeezed" into a conductor without a path to exit if an electric field is allowed to develop in space relative to another conductor. The number of extra free electrons added to the conductor (or free electrons taken away) is directly proportional to the amount of field flux between the two conductors.

Capacitors are components designed to take advantage of this phenomenon by placing two conductive plates (usually metal) in close proximity with each other

In AC or signal circuits a capacitor induces a phase difference of 90 degrees, current leading voltage.

When the voltage across a capacitor is increased, it draws current from the rest of the circuit, acting as a power load. In this condition the capacitor is said to be charging, because there is an increasing amount of energy being stored in its electric field.

Note the direction of current with regard to the voltage polarity (direction) being a load.

Conversely, when the voltage across a capacitor is decreased, the capacitor supplies current to the rest of the circuit, acting as a power source. In this condition the capacitor is said to be discharging. Its store of energy -- held in the electric field -- is decreasing now as energy is released to the rest of the circuit. Note the direction of current with regard to the voltage polarity:

Capacitors do not behave the same as resistors. Whereas resistors allow a flow of electrons through them directly proportional to the voltage drop, capacitors oppose changes in voltage by drawing Or supplying current as they charge or discharge to the new voltage level. The flow of electrons "Through" a capacitor is directly proportional to the rate of change of voltage across the capacitor. This opposition to voltage change is another form of reactance, but one that is precisely opposite to the kind exhibited by inductors. As its not using a magnetic field.

Note: This means that a capacitor does not dissipate power as it reacts against changes in voltage; it merely absorbs and releases power, alternately. A capacitor (formerly called a condenser) has the ability to hold a charge of electrons. The number of electrons it can hold under a given electrical pressure (voltage) is called its capacitance or capacity. Capacitors will pass AC currents but not DC. Throughout electronic circuits this very important property is taken advantage of to pass ac or RF (radio) signals from one stage to another while blocking any DC component from the previous stage

When used in the rotor conversions RV alternator side the capacitors behave and or perform as nether a load or source.

In the RV alternator The Capacitors are not a LOAD, they are PART of TRIPLEFLUX resonant (explained next) 3PH LC (frequency tank) on RV Alternator where a reverse inductor rotor (negative resistor alike) imparts energy (pumps) energy to 3PH stator LC windings. See below for definitions

1. Hector uses the name ‘flux capacitor, as you have Phase vectors flowing in 3 capacitors.

2. LC = inductor and capacitor

3. 3PH= 3 phase power (explained in more detail in next section)

4. Induction rotor and stator coils windings explained in more detail next section

In AC you get FLUX, (A flow or discharge) not stored charge as it is a dynamic rotary engine; in some states capacitor is a SOLID conductor to signal

We will cover rotary engine and induction rotor after resonance.

RESONANCE

Resonance is like an electric pendulum.

What happens at resonance is quite interesting. With capacitive and inductive reactance’s equal to each other, the total impedance increases to infinity, meaning that the tank circuit draws no current from the AC power source!.

Again it’s a similar meaning when you have an ac source and an oscillating system like the RV and or any RLC circuit and your oscillating Systems frequency and amplitude is the same as the AC source frequency there will be no current flowing from source to your system. They cancel each other out. This is HI IMPEDANCE.

Capacitors store energy in the form of an electric field, and electrically manifest that stored energy as a potential: static voltage. Meaning they are charged waiting for voltage to make them discharge. Inductors store energy in the form of a magnetic field, and electrically manifest that stored energy as a kind of kinetic motion of electrons. Capacitors and inductors are flip-sides of the same reactive coin, storing and releasing energy in complementary modes.

When these two types of reactive components are directly connected together, their complementary tendencies to store energy will produce an unusual result. If either the capacitor or inductor starts out in a charged state, the two components will exchange energy between them, back and forth, creating their own AC voltage and current cycles. If we assume that both components are subjected to a sudden application of voltage (say, from a momentarily connected battery), the capacitor will very quickly charge and the inductor will oppose change in current, leaving the capacitor in the charged state and the inductor in the discharged state: note the sine wave animations of the right hand side and arrows of current on the left hand side through this explanation.

The capacitor will begin to discharge, its voltage decreasing. Meanwhile, the inductor will begin to build up a "charge" in the form of a magnetic field as current increases in the circuit:

The inductor, still charging, will keep electrons flowing in the circuit until the capacitor has been completely discharged, leaving zero voltage across it:

The inductor will maintain current flow even with no voltage applied. In fact, it will generate a voltage (like a battery) in order to keep current in the same direction. The capacitor, being the recipient of this current, will begin to accumulate a charge in the opposite polarity as before:

When the inductor is finally depleted of its energy reserve and the electrons come to a halt, the capacitor will have reached full (voltage) charge in the opposite polarity as when it started:

Now we're at a condition very similar to where we started: the capacitor at full charge and zero current in the circuit. The capacitor, as before, will begin to discharge through the inductor, causing an increase in current (in the opposite direction as before) and a decrease in voltage as it depletes its own energy reserve:

Eventually the capacitor will discharge to zero volts, leaving the inductor fully charged with full current through it:

The inductor, desiring to maintain current in the same direction, will act like a source again, generating a voltage like a battery to continue the flow. In doing so, the capacitor will begin to charge up and the current will decrease in magnitude.

Eventually the capacitor will become fully charged again as the inductor expends all of its energy reserves trying to maintain current. The voltage will once again be at its positive peak and the current at zero. This completes one full cycle of the energy exchange between the capacitor and inductor:

This oscillation will continue with steadily decreasing amplitude due to power losses from stray Resistances in the circuit, until the process stops altogether. Overall, this behavior is akin to that of a pendulum: as the pendulum mass swings back and forth, there is a transformation of energy taking place from kinetic (motion) to potential (height), in a similar fashion to the way energy is transferred in the capacitor/inductor circuit back and forth in the alternating forms of current (Kinetic motion of electrons) and voltage (potential electric energy) Resonance can be employed to maintain AC circuit oscillations at a constant frequency, just as a pendulum can be used to maintain constant oscillation speed in a timekeeping mechanism.

Usually Resonance can be detrimental to the operation of communications circuits by causing unwanted sustained and transient oscillations that may cause noise, signal distortion. However Related to the RV At resonance (radio frequency principles) R (resistor) becomes L (inductor) L becomes C (capacitor) and C becomes R..