Montserrat Guibernau - Belonging_ Solidarity and Division in Modern Societies (2013, Polity)

addiction, 65–9, 174 Afghanistan, 7, 10 Africa, 175 African–Americans, 46–8 Afrikaners, 31

agency, 52, 57, 61 alcoholism, 68

alienation, 4, 13–14, 23–4, 33 belonging as antidote against,

51, 64–5, 172 repression of desire, 55 ‘significant groups’, 151,

170

aloneness, 60, 63, 64, 65, 172, 174

altruism, 129, 141 ambivalence, 30, 49, 69 anomie, 22

Anthias, Floya, 84

anxiety, 19, 20–1, 172, 173 addictions, 66, 67, 69 belonging as source of, 34, 49 cultural, 21–3

economic uncertainty, 176–7 freedom as source of, 4, 59, 61,

174

multiple identities, 36 radical right voters and, 79

Arab Spring, 100–2, 103 Assad, Bashar, 100 assimilation, 87–8

asylum seekers, 20, 21, 77, 83, 89 Australia, 77

Austria, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 87 authoritarianism, 4, 51, 90, 176 authoritarian loyalty, 5, 122, 135, 137, 142, 178

clandestine political movements, 169–70

populist doctrines, 142 ‘regressive’ social movements,

162 rise of, 71–5

see also radical right autonomy, 52, 53, 54, 69, 71

see also freedom

Bagnall, Gaynor, 34 Bahrain, 101–2 Banton, Michael, 84 baptism, 26–7, 111

Barbalet, J.M., 146–7, 150, 168

Barth, Thomas F., 14

Basque Country, 39

Baumeister, Roy, 15 Beaumont, Peter, 100–1 Beijing, 93–4

Belgium, 9, 22, 27, 82, 161 beliefs, 146

Bellamy, Richard, 161–2

Ben Ali, Zine El Abidine, 100, 101

Benoist, Alain de, 88–9 Berlin, Isaiah, 55 Berlin Wall, 95 biopolitics, 58

birth rates, 85 blacks, 46–8, 61 body, 57–8 Bonino, Emma, 101 Bosnia, 94

boundaries, 1, 24, 36, 37 defined by ritual, 104, 116,

178

wearing of the burqa by Muslims, 13

Buddhists, 93–4 Bulgaria, 76

‘burden of freedom’, 18–19, 51, 59, 65, 69

Burke, Peter J., 36 burqa, 7–9, 10–14, 24

Calhoun, Craig, 42 Canada, 118, 184–5n19 capitalism, 15, 60, 65, 176

globalization, 21 radical right, 77

rational imperatives of market societies, 6, 147–51, 170

social transformations, 16 caste system, 27

Catalonia, 39, 45–6, 94, 108, 156–9, 197–8n28, 198n32

categorization, 14, 35 Catholic Church, 26–7, 34, 99,

107–8, 111, 119 see also Christianity

Catholics, 9, 14, 94, 130, 160 ceremonies

expression of emotions, 153–4, 170, 179

loyalty, 134, 136 religious, 99–100 see also ritual

Chile, 135 China, 93–4, 135

choice, 2, 24, 27–30, 48–9, 174 ‘burden of freedom’, 18–19,

65 fear of, 74

freedom to belong, 61–3 loyalty by, 121, 142, 178–9 see also freedom of choice

Christianity baptism, 111

‘Edict of Thessalonica’, 34 Foucault on, 56

human potentiality, 15 radical right, 78

Spanish Civil War, 106–7 see also Catholic Church;

church Christians, 14, 37, 112 church, 16, 32, 65

Durkheim on the, 108–9 symbols, 43

tension with the state, 9–10, 118–19

traditional norms, 174 see also Catholic Church

circumcision, 115

Cities against Islamization, 82 citizenship, 40, 53, 77

conflicting views of the nation, 86, 88

European, 83, 123

loyalty of immigrants, 140–1 oaths of allegiance, 118 rights, 152, 159

civil rights movement, 46–8, 72, 133

civil society, 51, 52, 53 class

breakdown of social structures based on, 22

as constraint to free choice, 30–1, 48

inequality, 19

radical right voters, 79 ressentiment, 166

Cobb, Jonathan, 166 Coffé, Hilde, 22

Cohen, Anthony, 37, 38–9 Cold War, 5, 131, 143, 179 collective identity, 2, 3, 35–43 church/state tension, 10 construction of, 24, 180 political mobilization, 44–8 search for sources of, 28

symbols, 4, 178

see also group membership; identity

Collins, Randall, 168 Commager, Henry Steele, 131–2,

133, 135–6

commitment, 26, 32–3, 35–6, 48, 172, 180

emotions, 144 ‘exclusive’ groups, 112 loyalty, 121, 122–3, 124,

141–2, 178 common sense, 62 communism, 20, 77, 80, 81,

95 Soviet, 74

US loyalty programmes, 131, 132, 133, 143

communities of belonging, 109–10, 178

community, 29, 39 decline in loyalty, 142 definition of, 181n1 rituals of inclusion, 105 symbols, 93

competition, 20, 21, 60 compulsive conformity, 71, 174 confidence, 167–8, 180 conformity, 1, 2, 3–4, 26, 62–4,

180

authoritarian loyalty, 5 compulsive, 71, 174 Foucault on, 56

freedom versus, 49, 51, 135–7 loyalty defined as, 131, 136,

137, 138, 143 Muslim burqa/niqab, 13 resistance to, 61

conscience, 16

consent, loyalty based on, 138–9 constitutional patriotism, 86, 124 constructionism, 146

corruption, 54 cosmopolitan identity, 41–3 cosmopolitan right, 54–5 cosmopolitanism, 12, 128 Cruse, Harold, 47

cultural anxiety, 21–3 cultural exclusion, 88–90 cultural nativism, 80–2 culture

emotions and, 146–7 shared, 125, 126–7 cyber-revolutions, 102–3

Darsh, Shaykh, 11

de Gaulle, Charles, 87–8 democracy, 75, 137, 177, 180

Arab Spring, 103 ‘downgrading of’, 73, 90 erosion of, 24 expansion of, 148, 159

freedom connected to, 136

democracy (cont.) nationalism, 127 symbols of, 105

see also liberal democracy democratic loyalty, 5, 137–40,

142

Denmark, 27, 76, 78, 79, 82, 177

Dennis v. United States (1950), 139

denunciation, 134, 135, 194n14 dependence, 51, 59–60, 65–6, 68,

71, 174

see also addiction Descartes, René, 57 desire, 55

deviance, 63, 106, 146 difference, right to, 88–9 disobedience, 61 dissent, 134–5

diversity, 86, 89, 170 democracy, 138

integration of immigrants, 141 tolerance of, 44, 136

Douglas, Mary, 98 dress codes, 3–4, 17, 36

conformity, 63 gangs, 114

Muslim burqa/niqab, 7–9, 10–14

status, 99 symbols, 94, 97–8

drug addiction, 66

Durkheim, Émile, 15, 41, 43, 44, 99–100, 108–9, 111

duty, 15–16, 30, 173

Eastern Europe, 81, 83, 85, 175 Ebadi, Shirin, 101

economic crisis, 73, 176, 177 economic insecurity, 19–21,

176–7 education, 19, 40, 152

Egypt, 100–1, 102

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 196n36 Eisinger, Peter K., 163

‘elective belonging’, 34 elites

cosmopolitan identity, 42 fear controlled by, 167 post-industrial society, 19–20 ritual identification of, 99 symbols, 92

Elliott, J.H., 157, 158–9, 198n32 ‘emotional energy’, 168 emotions, 26–7, 28, 33, 144–71

emotional versus rational ­arguments, 155–6, 171

history, 126 loyalty, 124, 142–3

political mobilization, 5–6, 92, 144, 154–70, 171

rational imperatives of market capitalism, 147–51, 170

ritual and, 103–5 self-control over, 55 social action, 144–7 symbols and, 92, 93–4

taming of, 153–4, 170, 179 employment, 20, 21

immigrants, 85

radical right voters, 79–80 workaholism, 66

empowerment, 27, 48, 62, 174 enfranchisement, 160, 161 Enlightenment, 9–10, 50, 74, 78,

108, 147 Epicureans, 57 equality

cosmopolitan identity, 42 democracy, 138

gender, 12–13 Kant on, 53

political movements, 164 replaced by individualism, 20 Tocqueville on, 150

ethical issues, 42–3, 138 see also morality

ethnicity

American civil rights movement, 46–8

as constraint to free choice, 30–1, 48

equality, 160

norms of inclusion and exclusion, 32

radical right, 75 ‘white resistance’, 80–2

ethno-nationalism, 22, 82 ethno-pluralism, 89 ethno-politics, 70, 74, 82, 83–4,

90, 162, 177 ethno-symbolism, 109 Europe, 20–1, 23

authoritarianism, 74 decline in religion, 175

economic uncertainty, 176–7 EU citizenship, 123 immigrants, 83–4

Islam, 120

radical right, 75, 76–8, 81–2, 87, 89–90, 177

social movements, 173 Ewald, Roschbeth, 67 exclusion, 1, 2, 24, 31–2

‘exclusive’ groups, 112, 113, 178

identity constructed through, 26

racism, 84

radical right, 70, 75, 77, 88–90 rights, 40

rituals of, 105–6, 178

‘self’ and ‘other’ presentations, 145

Facebook, 102–3

Falange, 96–7, 130–1, 194n14 familiarity, 32, 33, 48–9, 70

Fascism, 71, 72, 75, 176 Italy, 74, 122

Spain, 96, 122, 130–1 ‘white resistance’, 80 see also radical right

fear, 166–7, 180 feminism, 12, 24, 161

‘fiction of original thought’, 3, 59, 62

Finland, 75, 76 flags, 38, 95 Flanders, 39, 78 Flecker, Jörg, 79

Ford, Gerald, 195–6n36 Fortuyn, Pim, 77–8 Foucault, Michel, 50, 55–8,

69–70

France

church/state separation, 119 cultural anxiety, 21

French Revolution, 9, 41, 98, 104, 159, 160

gender inequality, 160–1 political rights, 160

post-war division of Germany, 94–5

radical right, 74, 76, 77, 87–8, 177

religious wars, 8–9, 182n4 view of the nation, 86 wearing of the burqa by

Muslims, 8, 9

Franco, Francisco, 45–6, 72,

74, 94, 96–7, 106–8, 119, 130

Franklin, Benjamin, 132

free will, 2, 26, 48, 50–1, 174 addictions, 68

‘burden of freedom’, 65 Kant on, 52

loyalty by choice, 142 ressentiment, 166

see also freedom of choice

freedom, 50–70 addiction, 65–9 to belong, 61–4

conformity versus, 49, 51, 135–7

cosmopolitan identity, 42 fear of, 74

Foucault on, 50, 55–8, 69–70 Fromm on, 50–1, 58–61, 69 giving up, 2, 30, 71, 172,

174–5, 180

group membership, 64–5 integration of immigrants, 141 Kant on, 51–5, 69

modern societies, 142, 173 shift to security, 139, 140 Tocqueville on, 150

freedom of choice, 2, 3–4, 27, 29–30, 174

ambivalence, 49 constraints to, 30–1, 48, 59 freedom to belong, 61–3 Kant on, 52–3

modern societies, 24, 26, 27, 32, 69

see also choice; free will Freemasons, 110, 111

French Revolution, 9, 41, 98, 104, 159, 160

Freud, Sigmund, 173 Fromm, Erich, 15–16, 50–1,

58–61, 69, 72 fundamentalism, 4, 45, 73–4, 90

Islamic, 78, 128, 139, 175, 179 ‘regressive’ social movements,

162

Gaddafi, Muammar, 100 gangs, 114–15

Gellner, Ernest, 10 gender

as constraint to free choice, 30–1, 48

gender equality, 12–13 gender inequality, 160–1 norms of inclusion and exclusion, 32

rationality versus emotion, 151 Germany

exclusion of Jews, 31–2 loyalty to the state, 122 radical right, 76, 82, 95–6 ritual used by the Nazis,

104–5 symbols, 94–6

view of the nation, 86 Giddens, Anthony, 18 globalization, 6, 176

consequences of, 19–24 cosmopolitan identity, 41 losers from, 78

social movements, 162, 171 Goffman, Erving, 17

Gouze, Marie, 160 GRECE, 88

Greece, 76, 105, 119, 135, 177 Greenfeld, Liah, 18–19

grief, expressions of, 153, 170 group, definition of, 181n1

(Intro.)

group membership, 2, 28–30, 34, 49, 64–5, 172

advantages of, 175 emotional components of,

144–5

‘exclusive’ groups, 112, 113 gangs, 114–15

hazing, 115–16 ‘inclusive’ groups, 112–13 political mobilization, 169 rites of passage, 110–12 symbols, 92–3, 97–8

University of Cambridge, 113 verification, 36

see also collective identity group self-definition, 35

Habermas, Jürgen, 86 Haider, Jörg, 87 Hay, Colin, 23 hazing, 115–16

‘healing spaces’, 6, 154, 170, 179

Heater, David, 160

Hedetoft, Ulf, 29 Heller, Agnes, 149–51 heresy, 34 heteronomy, 52

history, shared, 125, 126 Hitler, Adolf, 104 Hjort, Mette, 29

Holmes, Justice Oliver Wendell, 131, 179

homeland, 33 human nature, 147

human rights, 73, 74, 137, 141, 169

see also rights Hume, David, 147, 150

Hungary, 74, 76, 79, 81 Hunt, Lynn, 98

identification, 1, 35, 65, 112, 144, 180

identity, 1–2, 4, 172 African–American, 47 Catalan, 46

conformity required for shared, 64

construction and meaning of, 16–19, 24, 26, 48, 173, 180

cosmopolitan, 41–3 ethno-pluralism, 89 ‘exclusive’ groups, 112 loyalty, 178

modern society, 15 multiple identities, 29, 35–6 radical right, 87

social identity theory, 35

traditional societies, 24 see also collective identity;

national identity; self-identity

immigrants Benoist on, 89

citizenship applications, 118 cultural anxiety, 21–2

fear and prejudice towards, 20, 85

loyalty, 140–1

radical right opposition to, 4, 75, 77–8, 83–4, 87–8, 89, 128

inclusion, 1, 24, 32 ‘inclusive’ groups, 112–13,

178 rights, 40

rituals of, 105, 178 India, 27

individual, 15–16 individualism, 1, 20, 22, 42, 60,

128, 172

inequality, 19–20, 59, 73, 106 gender, 160–1

global economic crisis, 176 integration of immigrants,

141

‘insiders’, 71, 104, 175 instrumental loyalty, 5, 122–3,

142, 178

integration of immigrants, 141 integrationism, 47–8 interaction, 14, 17, 18, 24 International Brigades, 130 international institutions, 20,

23–4 internet

addiction, 67–8 social media, 102–3

virtual social networks, 110 Iraq, 102

‘irrelevance’, 64

Islam, 22, 87, 120, 181n2 Cities against Islamization, 82

fundamentalism, 78, 128, 139, 175, 179

political, 101 rise of, 175

wearing of the burqa/niqab, 7–9, 10–14, 24

see also Muslims Islamophobia, 85, 128, 179 isolation, 60, 61, 65, 69, 109, 172 Israel, 12, 79

Italy

loyalty to the state, 122 radical right, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79 wearing of the burqa by

Muslims, 9

women’s voting rights, 161

James, William, 147 Japan, 161

Japanese Americans, 135–6, 195–6n36

Jefferson, Thomas, 9, 138–9 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 118 Jenkins, Richard, 14, 35 Jews, 31–2, 37, 94, 115, 160 Johnson, Lyndon, 48 Johnson, Nicola F., 68 Johnston, Hank, 156

Jones, Paul, 16, 29 Jordan, 102

Jordan, John Colin Campbell, 80–1

joy, expressions of, 153–4, 170

Kant, Immanuel, 50, 51–5, 57,

69

Kennedy, John F., 196n36

Kertzer, David I., 98

Kierkegaard, Søren, 61

Krzyz´anowski, Michał, 16, 29

Ku Klux Klan, 47

Lama Temple, Beijing, 93–4 landscape, 127

Latin America, 175 law, 53, 120

Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 88 Le Pen, Marine, 87 leaders

confidence, 167–8

emotional appeals by, 163–4, 170–1

national identity, 126 ritual, 99, 100

submission to, 65, 71, 72, 174 liberal democracy, 44–5, 50, 73,

90, 151

democratic loyalty, 137–8 expression of emotions, 153,

154

nation as source of political legitimacy, 149

see also democracy ‘liberating’ social movements,

161–3, 171, 176, 180 Libya, 100, 101, 102 Liechtenstein, 27, 183n1 ‘life stories’, 17–18

Linz, Juan, 75 Longhurst, Brian, 34

loyalty, 5, 117, 118–43, 175, 178–9

authoritarian, 122, 135, 137, 142, 178

by choice, 121, 178–9 citizenship rights, 40 democratic, 5, 137–40, 142 ‘exclusive’ groups, 112 freedom versus conformity,

135–7 immigrants, 140–1

instrumental, 5, 122–3, 142, 178

to the nation, 32, 123–30, 142–3, 151, 152, 179