Montserrat Guibernau - Belonging_ Solidarity and Division in Modern Societies (2013, Polity)

political mobilization, 44 reciprocal commitment, 33 religious versus political,

118–20

rituals, 104, 106, 178 scapegoating and dissent, 134–5 Spain, 130–1

symbols, 97

US loyalty programmes, 130, 131–4, 136, 143, 179, 195n25

weakening of, 141–2 Luhmann, Niklas, 147–8 Luxembourg, 27, 184n2

McCartney, Paul, 33 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 108 Malcolm X, 47

market societies, 64, 147–51, 170

markets, 73, 149, 176, 177 Marshall, T.H., 166 masochism, 72

mass demonstrations, 100–1, 102 material assets, 28

Mead, George Herbert, 17 media, 59, 62, 102, 127, 152 medieval societies, 15 Melucci, Alberto, 16

Middle East, 100–2

Miller, David, 86

minority groups, 44–5, 83–4 modern society, 4, 15–16, 62, 141, 142, 148

expression of emotions, 153, 170, 179

freedom of choice, 24, 26, 27, 32, 69

individualism, 172

rationality versus emotion, 151 rites of belonging, 108–10

modernity, 9, 18, 24, 68–9, 173, 175

Monaco, 27 monarchies, 27

Moore, Barrington, Jr, 164 morality, 51, 52

see also ethical issues Morocco, 102 Mubarak, Hosni, 100 Mudde, Cas, 79

multiculturalism, 73, 86, 128 clash of cultures, 177

radical right opposition to, 82, 87, 89

symbols, 93

Muslim Brotherhood, 101 Muslims, 37, 85, 120, 179 burqa, 7–9, 10–14, 24

political Islam, 101

radical right opposition to, 4, 75, 78

see also Islam

narcissism, group, 65

nation, 37, 39–40, 172–3, 176 belonging to the, 43–4, 180 conflicting views of the, 86–8 definition of, 148–9

loyalty to the, 32, 123–30, 142–3, 151, 152, 179

symbols, 39, 41 traditional norms, 174 see also state

national identity, 8, 39–41, 143, 170

conflicting views of the nation, 86, 88

construction of, 152

five dimensions of, 125–8 integration of immigrants, 141 perception of cultural threat to,

84, 85

radical right concerns about, 22, 23, 79, 82, 89, 177

symbols, 37

nationalism, 5, 28, 43, 127 black nationalism, 47–8 ethno-nationalism, 22, 82 ethno-symbolism, 109 fascism, 75

loyalty, 123–4, 128, 142–3, 179 main characteristics of, 124–5 non-democratic forms of, 90–1 Revolt of the Catalans, 158 symbols, 38, 39, 41

nation-state, 20–1, 73, 148–9, 151–2, 159, 170, 176, 177

see also state nature, 16, 65

Nazism, 31–2, 71, 72, 74, 80, 95–6, 104–5, 122

neoliberalism, 23 Netherlands, 27, 75, 76, 77–8 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 165–6 Nikoloric, Leonard A., 132–3 niqab, 9, 10–14, 24 ‘normalizing society’, 58 norms, 19, 57, 71

conformity to, 2, 3–4, 26, 56, 61, 62–3, 180

inclusion and exclusion, 32 submission to moral, 52, 69 traditional, 174

Norris, Pippa, 79, 80

Northern Ireland, 94 Norway, 27, 74, 76, 78

Nouvelle Droite, 88–9

Oakeshott, Michael, 50

oaths of allegiance, 118, 133–4 Obama, Barack, 48, 103, 155–6 obedience, 4, 28, 175

ambivalence, 49 churches, 32 heteronomy, 52

Kant’s concept of freedom, 54 loyalty as, 137, 138

Opus Dei, 111

Ortega y Gasset, José, 62 ‘outsiders’, 4, 70, 145, 168–9 ‘overriding identity’, 1–2, 29, 49

Pakistan, 7 Palestinians, 12, 102 Parsons, Talcott, 146

patriotism, 53, 124, 129, 179 peacetime, loyalty during, 128 ‘pendulum thesis’, 47 personality disorders, 67

Pla y Deniel, Enrique, 106–7 Poland, 76

political alienation, 23–4 political dimension of national

identity, 127–8 political mobilization, 3, 180

collective identity, 44–8 cosmopolitanism, 42–3 cyber-revolutions, 102–3 emotions as trigger for, 5–6, 92,

144, 154–70, 171 loyalty, 123–4

Muslim burqa/niqab, 12 see also social movements

political opportunity structures, 163

political parties, 30, 82, 145 radical right, 70, 75, 76,

89–90

political rights, 160, 161 politicians, lack of trust in, 20, 23 populism, 142

radical right parties, 74, 75, 77, 79, 81–2, 90

‘regressive’ social movements, 162

Portugal, 135 power

emotions, 146

fear caused by lack of, 166 Foucault on, 56–7, 58, 69–70 racism, 85

ritual and, 91, 98–100 social movements, 171 ‘practices of the self’, 56

‘presentation of the self’, 17 Preston, Paul, 107

Primo de Rivera, José, 96–7 Protestants, 9, 130 psychological dimension of

national identity, 125–6 public opinion, 59, 62, 63, 80,

135 Pujol, Jordi, 45–6

punishment, 34, 61, 106

Quebec, 184–5n19

Qur’an, 11

racism, 20, 47, 84–5, 88 radical right, 4, 20, 22–3, 70,

71–91, 176, 177 characteristics of, 75–8 conflicting views of the nation,

86–8

cultural exclusion, 88–90 ethno-politics, 83–4 Germany, 95–6

racism, 84–5

‘regressive’ social movements, 162

rise of authoritarianism, 71–5 ‘threat’ of immigrants, 128 voters, 79–80

‘white resistance’, 80–2 see also authoritarianism

Rai, Shirin M., 105

reason, 53, 54–5, 146, 147, 150–1 reciprocal commitment, 32–3, 48,

172 refugees

fear and prejudice towards, 20, 21, 85

radical right opposition to, 77, 83–4, 87, 89

‘regressive’ social movements, 162, 171, 180

religion, 8–10, 175

breakdown of social structures based on, 22

ceremonies, 99–100

Cities against Islamization, 82 as constraint to free choice,

30–1, 48 Durkheim on, 108–9 Islamic countries, 120 loyalty, 118–20, 124 norms of inclusion and

exclusion, 32 political rights, 160 religious minorities, 44–5 Spanish Civil War, 106–7 symbols, 36–7, 38, 43

tension with the state, 118–19 see also Christianity; Islam

religious fundamentalism, 4, 45, 73–4, 120, 128

Renan, Ernst, 40 resistance

cultural, 46 Foucault on, 56

‘white resistance’, 80–2 ressentiment, 64, 141, 165–6,

180

‘Revolt of the Reapers’ (1640), 156–9

right see radical right ‘right to difference’, 88–9 rights

African–Americans, 48 citizenship, 40, 152, 159 cosmopolitan right, 54–5 individual versus collective, 138 Kant’s concept of right, 51–2,

53

political movements, 164 quest for, 159–61

see also human rights

ritual, 4–5, 32, 37, 43–4, 91, 116–17, 177–8

Catholic Church, 26 emotions and, 103–5, 153–4,

170 exclusion, 105–6 hazing, 115–16 inclusion, 105

initiation, 97, 114, 115–16 national identity, 40, 152 power and, 98–100 private, 94

rites of belonging, 108–10 rites of passage, 110–12 Spain, 106–8

Robespierre, Maximilien de, 104 Rockwell, George Lincoln, 80–1 Rosiny, Stephan, 101–2

Russell, Bertrand, 34

Sabians, 109

sacrifice, 104, 105, 141, 166 sadism, 72

Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 100 ‘sameness’, 44

Sarkozy, Nicolas, 9

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 57, 61, 165 Saudi Arabia, 10, 102 Savage, Mike, 34 scapegoating, 134–5

Schaar, John H., 137, 138, 139 Scheff, Thomas, 145 Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr., 60–1,

136 Schwartz, Barry, 62 Scotland, 39

secret societies, 36, 110, 169–70 secularism, 9–10, 104, 111, 118,

119

self, practices of the, 56 self-actualization, 17, 30 self-determination, 54, 164 self-discipline, 57–8, 69

self-esteem, 19, 20, 34, 49, 62, 64 altruism, 129

ethnic nationalism, 22 multiple identities, 36 national identity, 89, 126 raised by acts of loyalty, 121 sex addiction, 67

social movements, 169 workaholism, 66

self-identity, 1–2, 24, 49 belonging by choice, 27, 28,

29–30

construction and meaning of, 3, 16–17, 19, 24, 26, 56, 173

see also identity self-image, 17–18, 64, 98 self-reflection, 16

Sennett, Richard, 147, 166 ‘sentimental meaning’, 93 sex addiction, 67

sexual violence, 115 Sharia law, 82, 101, 120

‘significant groups’, 151–2, 170 ‘significant others’, 17, 18 Simmel, Georg, 148

slavery, 131–2, 150, 160 Smith, Adam, 150

Smith, Anthony D., 109, 126 social action, 144–7

social cohesion, 86, 88, 177 social identity theory, 35 social justice, 74, 141, 180 social media, 102–3

social movements, 72, 168–9, 173, 176, 180

confidence of leaders, 167 emancipatory politics, 75 emergence of, 148–9, 159 ‘liberating’ versus ‘regressive’, 6,

161–3, 171

see also political mobilization solidarity, 1, 24–5, 28, 167, 172,

180

conformity required for shared, 64

cosmopolitan identity, 42 cultural anxiety, 21

gang members, 114

loyalty, 124, 141, 142–3, 178 nation-state, 151

political mobilization, 44 prevalence of, 148 reciprocal commitment, 33 replaced by individualism, 20 rituals, 99, 105

shared culture, 126–7 symbols, 93 wartime, 129

South Africa, 31

Soviet Union, former (USSR), 20, 74, 77, 94–5, 135

Spain

Assembly of Catalonia, 45–6 denunciations, 194n14 influence of the Catholic

Church, 119 International Brigades, 130 loyalty, 122, 130–1, 135 monarchy, 27

radical right, 74, 76 Revolt of the Catalans,

156–9

symbols and ritual, 94, 96–7, 106–8

wearing of the burqa by Muslims, 9

women’s voting rights, 72 Sperber, Dan, 41

Squires, Judith, 12–13 state

absolutist, 16, 65 classification procedures, 35 definition of, 148–9

Kant’s concept of freedom, 53–4

national identity, 39, 40

tension with religion, 9–10, 118–19

weakening of the nation-state, 20–1, 73

see also nation; nation-state state of nature, 52, 53, 54 status, 99

stereotypes, 13, 84–5 Stets, Jan, 36 stigma, 105–6 Stoics, 57

Strache, Heinz-Christian, 87 submission, 59, 60, 63, 70, 174,

175

to the ‘general legislative will’, 54

to a leader, 65, 71, 72 to moral norms, 52, 69 Sullivan, Harry Stack, 17

Sweden, 27, 74, 75, 76, 177 Switzerland, 76, 78, 161, 177 symbols, 4, 32, 91, 92–103, 116,

177–8

Arab Spring, 103 belonging to the nation,

43–4

Catholic Church, 26 ethno-symbolism, 109 Germany, 94–6, 104–5 meaning of, 97–8

national identity, 40–1, 152 power of, 36–9, 92–3 shared culture, 127

Spain, 96–7, 106–8 status, 99

see also ritual Syria, 100, 102

Tahrir Square demonstrations, 100–1

Taliban, 7, 10 Taylor, Charles, 44

territory, 125, 127, 149

terrorism, 21, 85, 120, 128, 139, 179

Thoits, Peggy A., 19 Tilly, Charles, 156, 163

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 135, 150 tolerance, 22, 44, 45, 136 tradition, 2, 175–6

traditional societies, 15, 16, 24, 61, 65, 68–9, 173

transgression, 33, 61 treason, 129, 195n36

Truman, Harry S., 132–3, 195n25 trust, 71, 127–8, 129, 147–8

decline in loyalty, 142 implicit, 146

questioning of loyalty, 134, 135 Tunisia, 10, 100, 101

Turkey, 10 Twitter, 102–3

uncertainty, 19–21, 22, 172, 174, 176–7

unemployment, 20, 78, 79, 85, 87 United Kingdom

Church of England, 119 exclusionary clubs, 31 feminism, 161

House of Lords, 111, 119 London bombings, 120, 179 loyalty tests, 130 monarchy, 27

neoconservatism/neoliberalism,

23

oaths of allegiance, 118 political rights, 160

post-war division of Germany, 94–5

radical right, 74, 76, 79, 90 Union Jack, 38

United States, 20, 54, 61 citizenship rights, 160

civil rights movement, 46–8, 72, 133

Dennis v. United States, 139 drug addiction, 66 emotional versus rational

arguments, 155–6 exclusionary clubs, 31 feminism, 161 immigrants to the, 140

Japanese Americans during World War II, 135–6, 195–6n36

loyalty programmes, 5, 130, 131–4, 136, 143, 179, 195n25

neoconservatism/neoliberalism,

23

oaths of allegiance, 118, 133–4 post-war division of Germany,

94–5 radical right, 77

religion, 119, 175 riots, 163

shift from freedom to security, 139

social movements, 173 University of Cambridge, 113

values

challenges to, 19 clash of, 24, 177

conformity to, 3–4, 71, 180 construction of self-identity,

173 emotions, 146 national, 125

radical right, 77, 78 religious minorities, 44–5 shared culture, 127 social cohesion, 86 social movements, 171 ‘transmutation of’, 165 Western, 179

van Gennep, Arnold, 98, 110–11, 115

vengeance, 126, 164, 180 verification of group membership,

36

violence, 114, 115, 129, 130, 163, 164, 167

virtual social networks, 110 Vlaams Blok, 22

voluntary associations, 133 von Bertalanffy, Ludwig, 40

Wahlke, John C., 134 war, 40, 137, 152

loyalty during, 32, 129–30, 143 sacrifice during, 105

Weber, Max, 147, 149 ‘white resistance’, 80–2 Wieviorka, Michel, 85 Wodak, Ruth, 145 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 161 women

exclusion of, 31 inequalities, 160–1

Kant’s definition of citizenship, 53

new public profile of, 61 political Islam, 101 political movements, 164 Spain, 72

wearing of the burqa by Muslims, 7–9, 10–14, 24

workaholism, 66

World Union of National Socialists (WUNS), 80–1

Wright, Richard, 46–7

xenophobia, 20, 77, 95–6

Yack, Bernard, 29

Yemen, 100, 102

Young, Kimberley S., 68

Yuval-Davis, Nira, 12, 84

Zapatero, José Luís Rodriguez,

96

Zaslove, Andrej, 78

Zweig, Stefan, 182n4