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Montserrat Guibernau - Belonging_ Solidarity and Division in Modern Societies (2013, Polity)

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Belonging

Belonging

Solidarity and Division in

Modern Societies

Montserrat Guibernau

polity

Copyright © Montserrat Guibernau 2013

The right of Montserrat Guibernau to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

First published in 2013 by Polity Press

Polity Press

65 Bridge Street

Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK

Polity Press

350 Main Street

Malden, MA 02148, USA

All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

ISBN-13: 978-0-7456-5506-2

ISBN-13: 978-0-7456-5507-9(pb)

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Typeset in 11 on 13pt Sabon by

Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire

Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Group Limited, Bodmin, Cornwall

The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate.

Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition.

For further information on Polity, visit our website: www.politybooks.com

Contents

Acknowledgements

viii

 

Introduction

1

 

Outline of the book

2

1 Identity as a Political Instrument

7

 

Conflicting identities

7

 

The role of boundaries

10

 

Traditional versus modern societies

15

 

The construction and meaning of identity

16

 

The consequences of globalization

19

 

Summary

24

2

Belonging by Choice

26

 

Belonging and emotion

26

 

The conditions of belonging

32

 

Collective identity and the power of symbols

35

 

Belonging to the nation

43

 

Collective identity and political mobilization

44

 

Summary

48

3

Freedom and Constraint

50

 

Immanuel Kant

51

 

Michel Foucault

55

vi

Contents

 

Erich Fromm

58

The freedom to belong

61

Alienation, fear of irrelevance and group membership

64

Escaping into new dependencies: addiction

65

Summary

69

4 The New Radical Right and the Resurgence of

 

Authoritarian Politics

71

The rise of authoritarianism

71

The new radical right versus traditional fascism

75

Who votes for the new radical right?

79

‘White resistance’ as a transnational movement

80

The rise of ethno-politics

83

On racism

84

The nation: conflicting views

86

From biological to cultural exclusion

88

Summary

90

5 The Rituals of Belonging

92

The power of symbols

92

The meaning of symbols

97

Ritual and power

98

Ritual and emotions

103

Rituals of ‘inclusion’ and ‘exclusion’

105

Rites of belonging in modern society

108

Rites of passage

110

‘Exclusive’ and ‘inclusive’ groups and associations

112

Summary

116

6 Loyalty, Citizenship and the Nation

118

On loyalty

118

Three types of loyalty

120

Loyalty, the nation and nationalism

123

National loyalty in peacetime and wartime

128

Loyalty programmes in the USA

130

Scapegoating and dissent

134

Freedom versus conformity

135

‘Authoritarian’ versus ‘democratic’ loyalty

137

The great challenge: turning immigrants into Americans

140

Summary

142

Contents

vii

7 Emotion and Political Mobilization

144

Emotion and social action

144

Emotion and the rational imperatives of market

 

capitalism

147

‘Taming’ emotion and the construction of ‘healing

 

spaces’

153

Emotion and political mobilization

154

Summary

170

Conclusion

172

Notes

181

Bibliography

200

Index

211

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank those who have supported me while I have been writing and thinking about this book: Christopher Dandeker, Alain Gagnon, Zig Layton-Henry, François Rocher, Grahame Thompson and Nick Swimm.

As a member of the editorial board of the journal Nations and Nationalism, I have greatly appreciated and benefited from debates and conversations with Anthony D. Smith and the other members/friends of the editorial team.

I have also thoroughly enjoyed seminars and debates held at the Cañada Blanch Centre of the European Institute at the London School of Economics. I am especially indebted to Paul Preston for his constant support and advice.

I started this book while being a visiting scholar at the Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge. In particular, I owe a great debt to John B. Thompson for his encouragement and assistance. I am also grateful to Patrick Baert, Christel Lane, David Lehmann and Jackie Scott. My gratitude goes to the College Council at St John’s for kindly inviting me to the Fellow’s Table at Cambridge, thus providing an opportunity to exchange views and meet fellow-scholars in various disciplines.

At Queen Mary, University of London, I would like to thank my colleagues at the School of Politics and International Relations, in particular Jeremy Jennings, Adam Fagan and Monika Nangia.