References and further reading

Andrews, B. 1995. Teaching and Learning Argument. London.

Byrne, D. 1988. Teaching Writing Skills. London: Longman.

Fairbairn, G. and Ch. 1990. Winch. Reading, Writing and Reasoning. Philadelphia.

Halliday, M. and R.Hasan.1976. Cohesion in English. London:Longman

Hamp-Lyons, L. and B. Heasley. 1997. Study Writing. CUP.

Harley, T. 1995. The Psychology of Language. Psychological Press.

Hedge. T. 1988. Writing. OUP.

Hopkins, A. 1989. Perspectives. London.

Johnson-Laird, P.N. 1983. Mental Models. CUP

Nunan, D. 1993. Discourse Analysis. London: Penguin Books

O'Brien, T. 1996. The Teaching of Writing Skills in s Second Language. Unit 2. The University of Manchester.

Raimes. A. 1983. Techniques in Teaching Writing. OUP.

Spolsky, B. 1998. Sociolinguistics. OUP.

White, R. and V.Arndt. 1997. Process Writing. Longman.

Writing can be done with the purpose of description, narration, exposition, persuasion and reasoning. Description presents typical features of a living being, an object or an abstract image to make it recognizable. Narration tells of events in succession. Exposition describes circumstances. Persuasion makes people change their behavior or train of thought. Reasoning invites the reader to follow the logic of the author and to co-operate in producing ideas.

Exploratory task 1.3

Recall and/or bring to class pieces of writing, which would illustrate the types given below. Find the difference between various pieces, e.g. “essay” and “report”.

Description:	Character drawing, verbal portrait, putting image in words
Narration:	Paragraph, anecdote, short story, diary, fable, myth, personal letter
Exposition:	News story, business letter, autobiography.
Persuasion:	Letter of complaint, letter to the editor, review, advertisement.
Reasoning	Essay, report, article, research paper.

Text format

Teaching to write is inseparable from teaching a text format, i.e. a typical lay-out of the text. For teaching writing it is essential to use the following formats of texts: congratulations and condolences, telegrams, notes, signs, labels, captions, notices, menus, advertisements, personal letters, invitations, condolences, business letters, applications for a job, CV, references, letters of complaint, recipes, diaries, log-books, dictation, note-taking, reproductions, abstracts, summaries, reviews, reports, précis, synopsis, case-studies, projects, essays, stories, poems. E.g. business letter is usually laid out as

Address of the sender Address of where the letter is to be sent Greeting Body of the letter Closing Polite expression

You have to leave a note to your mum and to say where you have gone. Which of the following notes the most appropriate and why?

A/ Dear Mum, Gone to cinema. Back about 10.30. Dinner in fridge. IF Alex rings, please get his new number. Hope interview went well! Love, Sandra.

B/ Dear Mum, I am writing to tell you that I have gone to the cinema. I will be back at approximately half past ten. I have placed your dinner in the refrigerator. Should Alex ring, would you be so good as to obtain his new telephone number? I do so hope your interview was successful. With every best wishes, Maria.

C/ Dear Mum, Just note to tell you that I have gone to the cinema. I will be back at about half past ten. Your dinner is in the refrigerator. If Alex rings, please can you get his new number. I hope the interview went well. Love, Maria.

Name Address Telephones, fax, e-mail Date Job objective – reasons for writing a resume. Educational record. Begin with the most recent record. Employment history beginning with the most recent record. List dates, job titles, organizations, achievements at your job. References (available upon request). Optional points are marital status, career plans, special interests.