13.Human universal concepts. The Concept Friendship

The Concept Friendship. It reached its full development only in ancient Greece and Rome. F. was seldom mentioned in medieval literature, where the basic cooperative relations between men were supposed to be religious.It was during the Renaissance and is now widely spread in Western world. The meaning of English word friend has сhanged over the centures.There are 2 conceptions of this word: modern («plug-in» and «plug-out» friendship and classical («smth. That grows slowly and lasts «forever».

Common collocations with friendship (classical conception)

1.Eternal friendship

2.Steady/constant friendship

3.Faithful friendship

4.Steadfast friendship

5.Old friendship

6.A friend in need

7.False friendship

8.Bosom friendship

A friend in the older sence = «beloved» person

1.Sweet friends

2.Loving friends

3.Dearest friends

4.Modern Conception

5.A friend of mine

6.Close friends

To make friends ( the common present-day expression to make friends, normally with a plural object clearly reflects the modern outlook, which stresses an active forging of a whole multiplicity of associations with other people).

In the older English literature people often «loved» their friends or felt and thought of them as «dear» and «dearest». By contrast in contemporary English people are more likely to talk about «friend» in terms of «enjoyment», «pleasure» and «fun».

14.Cultural Universalism

Cultural Universalism implies the existence of over-arching principles (such as human rights) that are applicable cross-culturally and therefore, could be used to determine the rightness or wrongness of specific cultural beliefs and practices.

Intercultural dialogue is a process that comprises an open and respectful exchange between individuals, groups and organisations with different cultural backgrounds or world views. Among its aims are: to develop a deeper understanding of different perspectives and practices; to increase participation (or the freedom to make choices); to ensure equality; and to enhance creative processes.

15.Cultural relativism

Cultural relativism in anthropology is a key methodological concept which is universally accepted within the discipline. This concept is based on theoretical considerations which are key to the understanding of "scientific" anthropology as they are key to the understanding of the anthropological frame of mind. Cultural relativism is an anthropological approach which posit that all cultures are of equal value and need to be studied from a neutral point of view. The study of a and/or any culture has to be done with a cold and neutral eye so that a particular culture can be understood at its own merits and not another culture’s. Historically, cultural relativism has had a twin theoretical approach, historical particularism. This is the notion that the proper way to study culture is to study one culture in depth. The implications of cultural relativism and historical particularism have been significant to anthropology and to the social sciences in general.