- •Lexicology - 2011
- •Vocabulary – the system formed by the sum total of all the words and word equivalents the lg. Possesses.
- •Imagination was given to man to compensate him for what he is not. A sense of humour - to console him for what he is.
- •Immovable, deforestation, miscalculate – the new words
- •Valency,
- •Immovable, deforestation, miscalculate – the new words
- •Word Definition
- •I. P. Pavlov(second signal system):
- •In linguistics:
- •Is a single unit of language that can be represented in writing or speech
- •I.V. Arnold:
- •It is a dialectal unity of form and content. It is a sign which is not arbitrary but motivated by the whole process of its development.
- •2.2 Semantic triangle
- •It refers to ‘signifie’ (that which is signified) , a concept in the speaker’s mind
- •Reference
- •Linguistic Sign
- •Structural semantic
- •It conceptualizes and classifies our experience and
- •It fulfills the significative and the communicative functions and is regarded as the central factor in the functioning of the lg.
- •Word meaning
- •Lexical meaning
- •It has to fulfill denotative and connotative meaning referring the word
- •It nominates the referent without the help of a context, in isolation:
- •Institution for process of being
- •Stylistically
- •Neutral
- •Vulgar-s
- •2) Literary
- •I.R. Galperin
- •Lexical (black gloves, velvet(colour); but black thoughts, despair(sad); black days, black period(unhappy )
- •Syntactical ( I couldn’t make (cause) him understand a word I said)
CStylistically
olloqual
S
marked
Common colloquial
Neutral
D
Substandard colloqual
LVulgar-s
earned
Poetic
T
Slang
Prof-sms
A
Jargon -s
terms
Dialect
Bookish
barbaisms2) Literary
Poetic words
I.R. Galperin
-
Neutral
::Literary::
Non-Literary
(Familiar Colloqual )
- General
-Low Colloqual
- Poetic
- Jargon
Scientific
Learned
Archaic
Neologisms
Slang
Vulgarisms
Dialectal words
Witness1 “evidence, testimony” – a direct, abstract, primary meaning;
Witness2 “a person with knowledge of an event” – a metonymical, concrete, secondary;
Witness3 “a person who gives evidence in court” – metonymical, concrete, secondary;
Witness4 “a person who puts his signature to a document” – metonymical, concrete, secondary fr. W3.
The study of means and ways of naming the elements of reality is onomasiology (theory of nomination). Ex.: Ophelia, sweet maid, nymph, kind sister,a rose of May, pretty lady.
Contextual analysis: “It is from linguistic contexts that the meanings of a high proportion of lexical units in active or passive vocabularies are learned” (E. Nida). ‘Some men have acted courage who had it not; but no man can act wit’ (Halifax) = act ’pretend’
N.N. Amosova:
Context is a combination of the indicator or indicating minimum and the dependant or the word, the meaning of which is to be rendered in a given utterance”
Context:
Lexical (black gloves, velvet(colour); but black thoughts, despair(sad); black days, black period(unhappy )
Syntactical ( I couldn’t make (cause) him understand a word I said)
Mixed (after affixed time): to be late for school, but in late summer( the end of the period); the late (recently dead)
Componential analysis:
Describes the meaning of words in terms of a universal inventory of semantic components and their possible combinations.
L. Hjelmslev’s commutation test:
d1 = boy::girl = man::woman = bull::cow (distinctive feature, a semantic component, seme - sex);
d2 = boy::man = girl::woman (age);
d3 = boy::bull = girl: cow (human and animal being)
A man (male (adult ((human being))) ;
Woman (female (adult (human being))),
Girl (female (non-adult (human being))).
L. Hielmslev’s commutation test.
D1=boy = man =bull(male::female)
Girl=woman=cow
D2=boy=girl
Man=woman(young::adult)
D3=boy=girl
Bull=cow(human::animal)
D1,D2, D3(male, young, human) -distinctive features
J.Katz and J.Fodor, R.S. Ginzburg:
semantic markers (common features) and distinguishers (distinctive features):
spinster – noun (class seme), count noun, human, adult, female, who has never been married (distinguisher) as in opposition: spinster::widow, bride, etc.
Method of logical definition:
cow – a full grown female of any animal of the ox family;
calf – the young of the cow.
Transformational analysis: team ‘a group of people acting together in a game’:
Sn coll.-a body (group, number) of people (men, persons) who V (Ving,Ved).
TEST
Name as many approaches to the word definition as possible.
Enumerate types of a word.
Give examples of different motivations of words.
Define lexical, grammatical and lexico-grammatical meanings and give examples of each.
Name the components of denotative meaning and give examples.
Name the components of connotative meaning and give examples.
Give examples of the main oppositions in the semantic structure of a polysemantic word.
What semantic change is gradual and what is momentary?
Enumerate different cases of SPECIALIZATION and give examples.
What types of similarity can metaphor be based on?