II. Insert the prepositions where it is necessary:

1. ____ his birth Alexander was taken to be raised ____ his Grandmother Catherine the Great.

2. The family members tried to use Alexander ____ their own purposes.

3. The Empress had no fear of having a future Tsar's education ____ the hands of a republican.

4. Catherine hoped that a liberal education would help Alexander to reign ____ the benefit ____ the country.

5. La Harpe's focus ____ theoretical, abstract principals left Alexander ____ the strength of character.

6. Elizabeth looked ____ Alexander as her handsome 'prince charming'.

7. Catherine showed her preference ____ his grandson ____ her son, Paul, ____ granting Alexander a larger court than his father's.

8. Paul disagreed ____ some aspects of his mother’s reign.

9. Aristocratic plots were hatched ____ Paul's life.

10. ____ his first years ____ the Russian throne, Alexander tried to rule ____ an enlightened way.

11. The country was very excited ____ the prospects of Alexander's reign; there were great hopes ____ the future of Russia.

12. Alexander turned ____ ____ his childhood dreams and principals and found it easier to get results ____ using the power of autocracy.

13. The victory of the Allies ____ Napoleon was crowned ____ a triumphal entry of the triumphant generals ____ Paris.

14. Being in western Europe Alexander sought ____ and came ____ the influence of spiritual advisors ____ foreign countries.

15. Alexander’s wife suffered ____ his infidelity and neglect ____ years.

III. Discuss the following questions:

1. How did Alexander become a natural chameleon? How was it displayed?

2. Who was Alexander’s tutor? What counts for Catherine’s choice of a teacher for Alexander? What did La Harpe’s tutelage result in?

3. What gift to Alexander poisoned the atmosphere in the family and why?

4. Did Alexander take any part in intrigues against his father and Paul’s subsequent murder?

5. Why did Alexander’s mother refuse to talk to him?

6. What changes took place in Alexander’s way of ruling the country? How can you characterize his reign: as liberal, autocratic, controversial, wise, etc.?

7. What is known about Alexander’s private and spiritual life?

8. What were the rumours connected with Alexander’s death?

Text 2 the social and economical development of russia in the 1st quarter of the XIX century

I. Read the text paying special attention to words in bold:

Russia in the beginning of the XIX century was the greatest empire in the world, and its territory covered a significant part of Eastern Europe, Northern Eurasia, Alaska and Transcaucasia. The population of the country in 1801 was 37 million people, and by 1825, due to a natural increase and unification of territories, reached almost 53 million. The peasants, who made up more than 90%, were the overwhelming majority of the population. The peasant population of Russia was 98,5 % and was divided into three groups: landowners, state and appanage peasants.

In 1801 in 583 cities and villages of Russia lived 2 million 400 thousand persons of Orthodox Belief (8,4 % of all inhabitants). In Russian villages there always was the property inequality, which resulted in social stratification of peasantry: there were well-off population and poor peasants.

Besides noblemen, the clergy and the merchant class were also privileged estates. Handicraftsmen and the bourgeoisie, in addition to peasants, were a part of the class paying taxes, who made up to 50 % of inhabitants of the Russian cities.

The military and agricultural estate of Cossacks occupied a particular position in the social structure of the society.

The development of commodity relations influenced the social structure of the society. A rather specific type of Russian businessmen was formed. In the beginning of XIX century neither trading, nor industrial business could play an independent historical role and act as an influential economic power. The state still controlled economics.

The agriculture remained the main branch of the economy of Russia. Its technological level was rather low, and the growth of the production occurred basically due to the expansion of areas under crop. Along with grain crops, one of the major branches of the agriculture was the cattle breeding. In the industrial provinces manufacture of industrial crops (flax, hemp) gradually grew. Potatoes were more and more widespread.

The distinctive feature of the Russian industry in the beginning of the XIX century was the prevalence of peasant homecraft. The large-scale industry and manufactories gradually developed and expanded. In 1799 in the country there were 2094 industrial enterprises (without mining factories). In 1825 the number of enterprises was 526.

As a whole the industry in the first quarter of the XIX century was supported by peasants and orientated to execution of military orders of the government, instead of the market production. As a result in the metallurgy industry began the stagnation.

During a quarter of the century a gradual shift in the social structure of enterprises was seen: grew the number of hired workers, which productivity in 2-4 times was higher than that of serfs. Nobleman's business continued to develop. In 1813-1814 more than 50 % of enterprises with a number of workers up to 15 belonged to noblemen. In the glass industry they owned more than 80 % of all enterprises. The greatest success of the nobility was achieved in the distillation, as far as they had the monopoly in this branch since 1754.

The development of cities in the first two decades of XIX century was very slow. A small town with a population less than 10 thousand people was the prevailing type of settlements in that period.

The first quarter of the XIX century was marked by the development of the internal market, which main goods were bread, livestock products, homecraft products, textile. The basic commodity circulation occurred at fairs, which grew in number. In 1817 the first of them, Makarevskaya, was moved to Nizhny Novgorod and was called 'The Nizhny Novgorod fair'. In total in the European part of Russia in 1824 were registered 76 large fairs with volumes of goods more than one million rubles.

In district and provincial cities fine store trade prevailed. There were few shops and they belonged to foreigners basically. Domestic trade in the first quarter of the XIX century had a much greater economic value, than the foreign one.

The foreign trade of Russia in this period had the favorable balance: export exceeded import. The basic foreign partners of Russia were England (in 1802-1806 among each 100 merchants who exported goods from St. Petersburg 63 were Englishmen), Germany, France, China. 80-90 % of Russian export consisted of raw material and agricultural goods: bread, flax, hemp, bacon, wood and leather.

Russia's joining to the continental blockade of England in 1807 caused a remarkable recession of its foreign trade turnover in 1808-1812. It adversely affected the economy and the finance of Russia.

The growth of the national economy in many aspects was prevented by the poorly developed system of communication. The navigable rivers and channels played the basic role. The government undertook expansion of old and construction of new river channels. Foreign market entry of Russia was realized through the Black Sea and Baltic ports.

The budgeted deficit inherited from the former regimes was one of the most important problems of Alexander's reign. In the beginning of the XIX century the sum of the external and internally held public debt of Russia was equal to its four annual budgets and constantly increased. In 1809 Speransky elaborated a financial reform; the government stopped emission of new banknotes, sharply reduced state charge, sold a part of state manors to private persons and introduced new taxes, which touched all layers of the population. These actions gave positive results: in 1812 public revenues increased from 125 up to 300 million rubles. At the same time the accepted measures caused an extreme discontent of the population, especially of the nobility that was compelled to pay the levy on manors. The reform curtailed.

The main income of the state came from capitation tax and quitrent and other taxes (on alcohol, most significant, on salt and customs duties). Because of the shortage of home income the government was obliged to make loans of bankers of London, Amsterdam, Paris. Among charge the military ones were the largest, over half of the annual budget.