§ 5. As has been stated above a verb can be transitive and Intransitive. Transitive verbs can take a direct object, I. E. They •• hpress an action which passes on to a person or thing directly.

I Ici'o belong such verbs as to take, to give, to send, to make, to MV, to show, to bring, to love, etc.

Jon had never loved her so much as in that minute which seemed to falsify Fleur’s fears and to release his soul. (Galsworthy) Youth only recognizes Age by fits and starts. Jon, for one, had never really seen his father’s age till he came back from Spain. (Galsworthy)

There are some transitive verbs which are hardly ever used without a direct object, such as to take, to make, to give, to have.

Arthur signed the receipt, took his papers and went out in dead silence. (Voynich)

There are other verbs which can be used either with or without .1 direct object, such as to read, to write, to hear, to see.

On Friday night about eleven he had packed his bag and was leaning out of his window... when he heard a tiny sound, as of a finger-nail, tapping on his door. (Galsworthy)

The starch, as he soon heard, was valued at ten dollars a barrel and it only brought six.. (Dreiser)

Intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object. Here belong such verbs as to stand, to sleep, to laugh, to think, to lie, to swim.

She shrank slowly away from him, and stood quite still. (Voynich)

There are verbs whose primary meaning is transitive and whose 'irondary meaning is intransitive. Here belong such verbs as to ■rll, to read, to add, to act, etc.

This book sells well.

Though Dora tried hard the figures would not add.

There are verbs whose primary meaning is intransitive and whose secondary meaning is transitive. Here belong such verbs as In work, to starve, to walk, to run, etc.

For that man, I’ve been running people through the front line! (Heym)

И для этого человека я гонял людей через линию фронта!

The stream which worked the mill came bubbling down in a dozen rivulets. (Galsworthy)

Река, приводившая в движение мельницу, разбегалась, журча, на десятки ручейков.

In these examples the verbs are used in a causative meaning,

1. E. The person or thing denoted by the object is made to perform the action denoted by the verb.

There are verbs which in different contexts can be transitive or intransitive. It is impossible to say which meaning is primary and which is secondary. Here belong such verbs as to open, to move, to turn, to change, to drop, etc.^I

The woman opened the door at once almost breathlessly. (Hardy) While she stood hesitating, the door opened, and an old man came forth shading a candle with one hand. (Hardy)

§ 6. A verb can also have some aspect characteristics depending solely on its lexical meaning. Accordingly verbs are divided into terminative, non-terminative and verbs of double lexical (aspect) character.

1. Terminative verbs denote an action implying a certain limit beyond which it cannot go. Here belong simple and composite verbs, such as to come, to bring, to build, to give, to take, to re­ceive, to find, to fall, to kill, to die, to become, to stand up, to sit down, to come to. They can correspond both to Russian verbs of imperfective and of perfective aspect: to come — приходить, прийти; to build — строить, построить; to give — давать, дать; to die — умирать, умереть.

He went to the kitchen and brought him a cake and a plate of biscuits. (Carter)

Every head turned. Row after row of men and women stood up to see who it was making his way to the front. (Carter)

2. Non-terminative verbs denote a certain action which does not imply any limit. Here belong such verbs as to live, to exist, to sleep, to love, to be, to have, to possess, to work, to speak, to re­spect, to hope, to sit, etc.

They correspond to Russian verbs of imperfective aspect only: to live — жить, to exist — существовать, la sleep — спать.

She sat erect in the hard chair, her gloved hands gracefully folded in her lap. (Carter)

3. Verbs of double lexical character in certain contexts have a terminative meaning, and in others, a non-terminative meaning. Here belong such verbs as to see, to hear, to write, to read, to trans­late.

Arthur looked round the room, saw that everything was hidden, and unlocked the door. (Voynich)

Артур бросил взгляд на комнату, увидел, что все спрятано, и отпер дверь.

1 don’t believe in fairies. I never see any. (Galsworthy)

Я не верю в фей. Я их никогда не вижу.