III Answer the following questions:

1. What were used before the advent of electron devices?

2. When have semiconductor synchronous rectifiers been designed?

3. Where are another types of rectifiers used in?

IV Give the equivalents of the following words:

діапазон, напівпровідник, перевага, швидкість, корисний, замінювати, додатковий, схожий.

V Translate into Ukrainian:

1. Electrical engineering has many sub-disciplines.

2. Power engineering deals with the generations, transmission and distribution of electricity as well as the design of a range of related devices.

3. In many regions of the world, governments maintain an electrical network called a power grid that connects a variety of generators together with users of their energy.

4. Users purchase electrical energy from the grid, avoiding the costly exercise of having to generate their own.

VI Translate the text in writing:

Professional bodies of note for electrical engineers include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) (which was formed by the merging of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IET) and the Institution of Incorporated Engineers (IIE). The IEEE claims to produce 30% of the world's literature in electrical engineering, has over 360,000 members worldwide and holds over 3,000 conferences annually. ^[21] The IEE published 14 journals, had a worldwide membership of 120,000, and claimed to be the largest professional engineering society in Europe.^{[22] [23]} Obsolescence of technical skills is a serious concern for electrical engineers. Membership and participation in technical societies, regular reviews of periodicals in the field and a habit of continued learning are therefore essential to maintaining proficiency.^[24]

In countries such as Australia, Canada and the United States electrical engineers make up around 0.25% of the labor force (see note). Outside of these countries, it is difficult to gauge the demographics of the profession due to less meticulous reporting on labour statistics. However, in terms of electrical engineering graduates per-capita, electrical engineering graduates would probably be most numerous in countries such as Taiwan, Japan and South Korea.^[25]

Unit 10 Operational amplifier

I Read and memorise the following words:

1. amplifier – посилювач

2. determine – визначати

3. implementation – використання

4. rugged – нерівний, грубий

5. damage – пошкодження

6. guantity – величина, кількість

7. versatily – багатосторонній, гнучкий

8. approximation – наближення

II Read and translate the text:

An operational amplifier, usually referred to as an op-amp for brevity, is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with Differential Inputs and, usually, a single output. In its ordinary usage, the output of the op-amp is controlled by negative feedback which, because of the amplifier's high gain, almost completely determines the output voltage for any given input. Op-amps are among the most widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. General-purpose integrated opamps of standard specification sell for well under one U.S. dollar. Modern designs are electronically more rugged than earlier implementations and some can sustain direct short-circuits on their outputs without damage.