9. Прагматичні типи речень (за г.Г. Почепцовим).

Pragmatic approach to the investigation of the so called human factor of the lang. led to the including of the pragmatic aspects in the linguistic studies. The word “pragmatic” originated to “pragmatos”(Greek) means “matter action”. The pragmatic studies of the linguistic units deal with the communicational functional side & reflect the communicative purpose of the lang. unit (the min. speech unit is utterance).

In the traditional linguistic sentence is: declarative, interrogative, imperative (inducive) correlated with communicated purpose. Pragmatic approach difference types of utterances gentenas are correlated with the speaker’s communicative intentions which are reflected through the so called illocutionary function.(Austin: the locutionary act is what is directly achieved by the conventional force associated with the issueance of a certain kind of utterance in accord with a conventional procedure. The illocutionary act enables the saying of something to convey more than is said literally. We distinguish of Pocheptsop’s conceptions such structures: 1. Constantive ( констатив) – statements, descriptions; 2.Directives (директивы) – express orders, demands, advices, requests; 3.Quesitives (questions)(квеситивы) asking for some information; 4. Promiseves; 4.Menacives (threatenings); 5.Performatives (greetings); 6.Expresssives – express emotion. Pocheptsov classified different works of foreign scientists – Morris, Austin, Grice, Fraser, Leech.

4. Морфологічні категорії прикметника (якісні / відносні прикметники, ступень порівняння)

The adjective has common lex.-gramm. nature & functions. It expresses the attribute of substance. All adjectives in both lan-ges are divided into two groups: Qualitative & Relative. Both groups of adj. in English have no case, gender, number. Only the first group is gradable (degrees of compare. – positive, comparative, superlative). Relative – adj., which expresses some quality through the relationships with different objects of the surrounding world (economical progress, urban area). Possessive & relative adjectives are formed from nouns, denoting family names or nouns of the countries –ic, -er (Byronic, Shakespearish). The 2-nd subdivision is represented relative adj., which have some inherent possessive meaning (Cubain, Scottish, Eastern…). /Ukr. possessive and relative adj. are formed by adding such suffixes to the noun stems: -евк, -івськ, -ськ, -цьк, -зьк, -ин, -ач, -яч (зміїний, козацький); -ів, - їв, -ин, -ін (батьків, Миколин, свекрів). /+ In Eng. there are some adj-ves in the corresponding forms – genitive case (father’s, mother’s…)./ As to the structure, adj falls into such groups: 1. Simple (root based) – big, clean, old…. 2. Derivative (похідні) – capable, boyish, rural, grammatical….. Ukr. – денний, рідний, ськ/зьк (паризький), цьк/ан/ян/ов/ев/єв (гречаний), льн/ч (виборчий).The allomorphic features of Ukr.— spec. gr. of evaluative adj. (diminutive) (augmentative – ручище, ручечка) suf. as еньк/есеньк/ісіньк/їсінькі/еден/ен/ач/яч/уч/ющ (багатющий). There are pref. & suffixal adj. in both la-ges. Abnormal, subnormal – antinational – антинародний.3. Compound adj.— slack-maind – чорногривий, well-known, silk-like. /Grading of adj. Most of qual. adj. are graded. It means that they have three degrees of comparison: 1. Positive; 2. Comparative; 3. superlative

In Eng. & Ukr there are some ways of forming the degrees of comparison: 1. synthetic. (-er, -est); 2.analytic. (in colloq. emphatic speech 1 or 2 syllabic adj may be graded – more/most busy, самий/більш/набагато. /There exhist also supplitive ways of forming the compar. (good – better – the best; bad – worse – the worst). Some groups – no graduation. 1. Adj. denoting a constant feature of the noun – blind, deaf, bolded, barefoot…. 2.Adj. expressing the similarity of color – lilac – бузковий........ 3. Adj. denoting color of hair & eyes – raven black – вороний; hazel – карий..... 4. Adj. expressing the intensive property of some obj. with the help of affixation – blueish, reddish, синявий, жовтуватий.

/Isom. features – process of adjectivation: prince charming – чарівний принц, the president to elect – новообраний президент. Also – process of substantivization of adj.: диспетчерська, прийомна. /Some adj-ves are partly substantivised : the poor, the rich, the English. Ukr most of these adj-ves of neuter gender – головне, важливо, основне.... Eng. – only qualitative adj. are graduable. Ukr + N., case, gender graduable.