11. Comment on the use of the Absolute genitive.

Case indicates the relations of the noun (or pronoun) to the other words in the sentence.

• The Absolute genitive may be used anaphorically.

• May have local meaning (at my granny’s)

• May be introduced by the preposition of.

12. Comment on the lexical means of expressing Gender in English.

It’s doubtful whether the grammatical category of gender exists in Modern English There is practically only one gender-forming suffix in Modern English, the suffix -ess, expressing feminine gender. It is not widely used.

e.g. heir ̶ heir-ess, lion ̶ lion-ess, actor ̶ actr-ess.

13. Plural of the noun

- The general rule for forming the plural of English nouns is by adding the ending –s (-es) to the singular.

- If the noun ends in –s, -ss, -x, -sh, -ch, or –tch the plural formed by adding –es:

- If the noun ends in –y preceded by consonant, -y is changed into –i before –es.

- If the noun ends in –o preceded by consonant, the plural is formed by adding –es.

- There are some nouns which form the plural by changing the root vowel

- Some nouns have only plural form.

14. Comment on the formations of the plural form of the loan words.

The plurals of words which have come into English from a foreign language such as Latin or Greek often have two possible spellings: the foreign plural spelling and an English one.

Some words borrowed from Latin or Greek keep their Latin or Greek plural forms: e. g. phenomenon, phenomena; datum, data; crisis, crises; stimulus, stimuli; formula, formulae; index, indices. Some of these nouns have acquired English plural forms: memorandums, formulas, indexes, terminuses, etc.

15. Comment on the use of the indefinite article with class nouns.

Article - any of a small set of words or affixes (such as a, an, andthe) used with nouns to limit or give definiteness to the application

Class nouns are used with the indefinite article:

1. When the speaker mentions a noun (which is countable) for the first time

2. When the speaker presents the object expressed by the noun as belonging to a certain class. In this case the indefinite article has the meaning of “який-небудь”, “якийсь”, “один” (in the meaning of 'деякий'). nominating meaning

3. With a predicative noun, when the speaker states that the object denoted by the noun belongs to a certain class (it is one of a class and has the meaning of „один з багатьох”) the classifying meaning

4. When the noun is used in a general sense. The article has the meaning of 'every'. the generalizing meaning

6. Before singular, countable nouns after such and in exclamations after what.

7. Nouns with the indefinite article are used after quite and rather.

8. Nouns with the indefinite article follow many) the verb is used in the singular)

9. So, as, too, how, however followed by an adjective precede nouns with the indefinite article:

10. The indefinite article is also used in various descriptions.