Вакуумная электроника / Vakuumnaya_Elektronika_Fiziko-Tekhnicheskie_Osnovy
.pdf
! "#$ %
"& ' ( ( ) *) ( "+ & ' ,-& ' & " , . (
* ( /( ( * * *
/00 ( / / ( ( , 1
*2 /00 ( ( / ( %
( * ( *, 1 / %
( ( ) 3 )4 *)
*) ( *) , 5 (
/ / ( ( ( (
/ ( * ( ) ( * %
6 7 0 , 1 / (
/ ( ( * 0 ( %
) / ( 3 ) %
4, . ( ( ( / ( 2 ( %
( * (
( / (
," , 0 ( 2 ( (
, 8 3 4 ( / (
* 0 ( 2 ( %
, . / 2 ( %
( 0 ( *
," , 9 ":" * , - *) / ( ( / (%
( *;
, . %
3 "<4 / ( ( *
* *
, .
3 "=4
* ( * ( *
( / (%
3 , ," , 4, > ( %
%
/ ( *
* , < %
( / ) ( %
* *
,
> , ., * ) * ( % |
|
|
*) ) % |
|
|
*) % |
|
|
/ ( % |
|
|
*; "+ |
|
|
"+ ( % |
|
|
0 * "+ % |
|
|
"+ *) |
|
|
2 * "+ ( "+ ( % |
|
|
*) , 5 / * |
|
|
( ( |
|
|
( |
|
|
0 ( % |
|
|
/ % |
||
|
||
* ( |
|
! ! "
#$
% %
$ $& "
' ()
*$! ! "
! ! ! % + " % % ,
! !- (. $ !$+ % "
%/
0. $ % +$ "
/ ). 1 $ 2 . % + "
% % % / 3. # $ 2 . !
+ $ 1 %
4 ! ! !$"
5 2 . 6 5 2 . 1$
5 0 6 + % % 5 6
7 % % %
% 1 %
3 1 3 211 4
1 42
! "
1$ 8 9$"
% 1 $
$1 $! "
$
, 9
|
|
|
4 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 1 |
211 |
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
1 |
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
23 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
1 |
|
11 |
|
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 '. |
|||||
23 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
% $ 1 % |
% |
||||||||||||
$9 $ $ |
|||||||||||||
5 : 5 63 1$% " |
|||||||||||||
$ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1123 12 |
|
|
|
|
72 |
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
|
|
31 3 6 21 |
89 |
|
|
1 |
4 41 |
3 |
|
|
|||||
1345 |
5 |
2 ;. |
|||||||||||
6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
5 0 6 + 1 "
$%
2 ;. 2 '. +
%
21
323 1 114 5 2 <.
142
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
111 |
|
|
2 |
|
3 2 4 |
2 |
|
|
1 |
|
||||
|
2 |
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
||
! " # $#
# % & $ $ $
' ( " "% $)$
$ * "$ $# )+
) , -" . / $# # +
. # # !
" " # " " +
. " " $ $ +
#
|
.0" ) " . |
||||||||||||||
. .0" ) " " %1% 2 $ + |
|||||||||||||||
($ |
" " %1%3 ( |
+ |
|||||||||||||
) " " |
" $! ! |
|
|||||||||||||
.$" 4 |
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
|
21 |
3 2 4 |
|
111 |
2 |
|
|
5 |
|||||
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
( ) . |
|
$# |
" |
|
|
||||||||||
|
32 |
4 |
|
2 |
1 |
2 |
|
|
1 |
|
5 |
|
|
||
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
1 |
|
|
41 |
|
|
42 5 |
631 |
|
6 |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/ # #$ . " +
%1%3 %1%7 %1%8 /" "
.
9 |
6 %:%3 %:%3 . + |
|
# ! . 7 ; + |
|
$ $ $+ |
|
|
< %=%3 %=%3 +
# , . 8 # +
7 ; $ $ $ +
" # " . ! |
$ ( $ |
" ! |
$ ) " |
> " " . # # +
# # ! . " "
%1% 2 .% 5 "
|
5 |
3 |
22 |
1 |
411 |
5 |
3 |
22 |
411 |
5 5334 627 |
|
5334 61 |
6 |
|
7 |
6 |
2 |
7 |
|||||
28 |
28 |
||||||||||
|
|
9 |
|
|
9 |
|
|
||||
" $" . . " " . # +
$# % % # )$
0 $% 6-" .
? " "
$ # . $ +
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
12324 |
567869 4 6267 9 84 |
6 4 |
9 48 94 |
|
|
|
|
12 |
345672689 8524 2 3 2 |
2 2 |
1 2 2 |
2 |
89 8524 2 2 |
2 2 |
1 1 2 2 |
2 |
5 68524 2 2 |
2 2 |
1 1 2 2 |
2 |
! 8524 2 ! 2 |
2" 2 |
1 1 2 2 |
#2 |
345672$8524 2 3! 2 |
2" 2 |
1 12 2 |
|
|
|
|
%2 |
&'7$8524 2 &! 2 |
2" 2 |
1 12 2 |
|
|
|
|
(2 |
$5 )$8524 2 ! 2 |
2 2 |
1 12 2 |
|
|
|
|
*2 |
+ ,652$8524 2 +! 2 |
2 2 |
1 12 2 |
|
|
|
|
-2 |
8.5$8524 2 ! 2 |
2 2 |
1 /12 2 |
2
|
|
|
|||
|
|
||||
|
! ! " |
||||
# # $% &' |
|
||||
( ) |
!!%!* + |
|
|||
# , )- |
*. &'+" |
||||
& |
|
. .$/ 0+ |
|||
" |
|
/ 1+ |
|||
2 " |
3 &' |
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
) |
||
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
||
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
) |
|
! |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
" |
4 |
|
|
2 |
|
5 67 ) |
||
|
||
" ! |
! |
|
# |
2 |
|
|
|
|
" |
||
|
||
$ |
3 ! |
|
! |
3 |
|
|
3 |
|
" |
|
|
|
||
|
||
|
4 |
|
|
|
|
% |
||
|
||
&' ' ( |
8 |
|
" |
|
|
|
||
|
||
|
- |
|
|
5 |
|
" ) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
) |
|
- 9 |
||
* ! +*,-. |
||
|
||
* ! |
||
: |
||
* |
||
|
: |
|
|
: |
|
|
: |
|
|
: |
|
|
|
|
|
:;; ; |
|
/ |
|
|
* 0 |
|
|
* |
|
|
|
) |
|
|
|
|
! |
! |
|
* |
< |
|
|
: + . |
|
) |
|
|
) |
|
|
* |
# |
|
! |
|
|
|
||
|
||
* |
= |
|
|
|
|
|
|
! "#
$% &$' "( # $% &$' "
) * + % % ,-
)
.! " #/ , +
% % ,-"
" $!% &$ * + % , % &
0 1 & 1-.
' ! "(1 1 2 & , & 3 4'55
* $6678$'"( 9' ' : (#
) % "7-1 % ' (
#( $* " + ,8 , & +-; '55 6 8-+ ." & ' ' ( : (#
# $* " + ,' 7 & 1 !-2 1
-; < = 55 6 8-+ . & ' '. :"
# 0 + + 1 & '5 2 &- -
-'> '? '? "# '. :.) # $* "-. /$"1 & + 4
1-4 & &-'55 @ A-+ 9' '.(:"
## $* " # '*-A &
-'55 7 % '# 7 1 2 -
& & ' < = ' ": ( #) 0 !, !%1> % , & & -1 0 %
1& , 1 & 1 % % B
&-, ! 4 1 0 '5$6678 9' ' (#: .
#. $* " # ' +> 4 +CC 4 + 4 &- $;&-, B ;-& '55 8-+ D7$B
, ) & ' '"#:"
#" 2345674 8 9EFGHIJK LMNL OPPMJMOQK RMNLK SOMNLK ((: (('TUV LMNL HFSOW XY ZF[WJO'55 \]]] ^WIQ_) '` 'ab:) a') c ' ")
# :;5<=>4?3 @ A 9>3;7B C D C7EEFBG?5;; HZFGO ]dJMKMQN efgOQK[WO_MQ \h^ b[_MQO__'55 cWO_OQKOf IK aeb ]QNMQOOWMQN EFQPOWOQJO
# 2<I>BG H>J74? 2^[iO_ _KMRR gMKIR IPKOW IRR KLO_O jOIW_'55 \]]] ZHOJKW[G eHWMR c ') :.
)( KF5> 25IL7; MTMJWFSIgO kOgMJO_IQf EMWJ[MK_^LMWf ]fMKMFQ aOS lOW_j (".
(
) N;<5OFB P Q @5E>B>R Q P D7?7;FB 8 S ML;E5?>R P T'^LO mMWFKWFQ'55 \]]] ^WIQ_IJKMFQ FQ T^^ "" ` ' ) a'. l[QO c ') #:)
) # ! '$ n -n7$6
) $& 1 3 + % & > % "
)# -' # !% U 0 . V7 % ' 7 &
)) ^LFG_FQ ^[iO_]ROJKWFQMo[O_p \h^_I LF_K FP IfgIQKINO_""
). W &@-, & + 1 1 & &-1 & 1 n
7 2 "
! " #
$ ! ! %
& ' # ' ! (
)
*
+ ' , ! *
- .
/ / $$ 0 ' / $
1 $. * 1 * . 2 ' .
% 3 |
.* |
) + ! |
%* |
|
|
|
) |
4 ! )
)*
5 66$ 5 "
! 7( ! / 6%
* # 6 . 8
% + '
) ) 9 ## $*
6 -# ' ! $)
$ $ ! $ $ 2 / ! ! *6 $ : , / *