Вакуумная электроника / Vakuumnaya_Elektronika_Fiziko-Tekhnicheskie_Osnovy
.pdf
|
|
|
31 |
|
|
12 |
2 131 |
3 44 |
5 |
||
512 |
|||||
|
|
|
|
! "
#
1 |
142 |
2 |
231 142 |
2 34 |
|
||||
31 |
24 |
|||
|
|
|
|
! ( ) # * + #
# ,- . /! ,
. 0"102 . 3"/ . 4/"43* 5 "
" " #
6 6
"- -
" * * * 7 #
"- " #
" " * 8 6 , ( , #
. /"9 " 6 6(( 6 #
6 : ( , #
, 6 , "-,
/"9 * 7 6
* ;*03" * < , 6
-, !
== : == " *
> "
*
7 6 , #
" . ?@A
* ;*03" !" , . * < " #
6 . /! 6 6 , #
,- * B * ;*03"
- , " #
-, 6 #
. /" 6
* C, , - , ,
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 ! 11 "
#$% &
# '
( )*
% $ #$
& + ,- . /
' ' % &
& # 0 # 1 %
# & /
1 & %
' $
% /$ ' '
/ # #$
2 & # #$ $ $
3 . / '
' #$% 4 ' 5
+ *-' & 4 '
# %$
/ ' 6$5
) /
$ $ % #
$55
/ %$%
1 2 |
|
11 |
|
2 11 33 |
|||
|
|
4 |
2 |
52 |
|||
|
|
|
|
||||
4 |
6 |
7 |
1 |
8 |
|
||
3 |
|||||||
|
|
|
9 |
|
$ 0 0 # 7 ! ) 0
5
1 &$55 &
$ & #
% " |
|
21 |
|
|
|
|
|
31 |
|
|
|||||
4 |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
1 |
|
|
|
|
3 3 |
42 |
56 |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
4 5 |
6 |
|
1 |
7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
+ ,8 |
||
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
|
9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
34 |
|
|
|
|
2 |
2 |
|
31 |
|
|
|||
41 |
5 |
|
|
|
3 |
6 |
7 |
|
1 |
8 |
4 |
+ ,7 |
|||
52 |
|
|
1 |
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 |
|
|
|
|
9 # # & #
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
!
" #
$ % &
' ## ( ) &* ! " +,-
.
/
0 1
. . & 1 (
311 4 |
21 |
1 |
!3 45" |
|
2 |
||||
|
||||
|
12 |
|
|
6 & 1 /
& &
& $ 7 0
3 |
1 |
4 1 5 |
21 |
2 |
|
||||
1 |
212 |
|
||
|
|
|
9 1 & &
+,-1 1
412 5 1 6 2212 2
23
121 : &
;
,
+,- <%= >
&
/
1
3%= , /
(
/
! " ## /
/
.
/
& (
1 |
2 |
21 |
2 |
!3 44" |
|
||||
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
! " #$%& '()#
31 |
4 |
|
311 |
||
3 5 |
2112 |
||||
|
|
||||
|
|
2 |
|||
|
|
|
|
12 |
|
31 |
4 |
|
311 |
|
4 |
|
|
5 2 |
61 |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
5 7 |
8 |
223 |
9 |
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
*+ # ,$"
-./ , +
$
$
# 0 # "
# "
+
1 2 |
3123 |
2 1 |
|
31 |
2 1 |
|
3 1 |
5 |
3 |
|
3 |
|
|||||
|
|
1 |
|
1 |
2 |
|
||
|
4 |
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
|
1 2-./ + # %3 (() "
, + , 0 0 ,
+
12 2 2 3 31 3
31
! , , +
+ 41 %, + + ) "
5#365#&7
+
-./
#
2 2 8$ ! + # , +
+ +, # 9 "
$ . +, +
+, , 1 #
2 , 0 +, 2 + , "
:
8
! +, $0 99 + "
+ #
# 0-./ ; # (5<
+-./$'5<
|
|
|
|
|
|
! "
#
|
$%!&'( |
# ) * &+ , !-
#
# ! .$%!&'( #
11 2 41 1 3 2 25 412
/ 0
1 *
2 3 . 0 !
/ # #
# # ! 4
0 2 #
) 54 0 , *66 4 !
7 #
288 # 0
!
|
|
|
|
|
|
! " "#$ "% &
' '
( ' ) ' " ' " * " #
' (
' ( +
"! & ' "! &", - (
' ' .
.' ( ( / . " 0 ('
' . ) .
( . ' ( 1
$2$2 )
3 ( ' '
4 .' ( ! 5& ' . '
'
"6" 7 ( (
' ! " "$&
11 |
2 3311 |
2 |
|
2 |
|
4 ! #& |
|
||
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
2 4 3 |
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||||
.' |
|
||||||||
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
1 2 311 2 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
3 ! 0& |
|
||||
|
|||||||||
312 |
2 |
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
8 . ( ' ",
( 8
9 ' . 0 )
( ' ' ' 4
2 1 32 |
1 |
1 31 |
1 |
4 |
! :& |
|
3 4 4 |
3 |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|||
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
; ' "<:$= '
( ( . ' . '
1 2 |
|
3 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
1 |
3 |
2 |
11 |
|
3 2 |
! >& |
|||
|
32 |
1 |
|
|
|||||
|
3 |
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! "
# $ %% &
# ' (( &
# ) *
$
+,,-
. *
* ! * ! !
! * / !
.
$0$ $1 /
$* '$!$*
! ' '2
3 '
4 5 *
!
!$ $ # ' *!
! /
6
' * 7
*
* $ ! * ! * 0# 7 *$!1 . '
!
# '
' / * *
!
# / #
*! * 4 * ! * '
# 5 !*
3 ! * ! ((
* * !
! ! 8 /
# *!$* / *
! ! 8 0 9 : 1 ;
' 5 * !
*$ $* <
/ !* 3$ !$ ' * # !' ! 8 / * ' ! 3$ ' 3 # !** # / # *!
= * !$/$* '$'2
$! *
& ' /
* * ) * * *
! *
'2 ' '$
$'3 ! >$ * ! '$! ?
! 3 # # ! ; '
! ' 4 ' *
|
|
|
|
|
|
! " #$%& '(
# # ! )
*
# #
# ! ! )$%& +( ,
# # %$(
-+ # . #
)! ) /
0 # 0 ) , # % #( # 1
# " %& '( ) !
, # 2 !
, )) , ! #
0 ,
3 )! #
0 )! 0
4 #
" %& 5(
"$%& 6( & 0 0
) ) ! 0
# 7
3 |
1 |
321 |
4 |
|
43 |
||||
2 |
|
|
||
|
|
1 |
|
3 ) #
% # ( &
! )
1 ! ) ! 0 )
! , # #
* )! 0
3 0
) #
4 2 4 1 4 1 4 |
2 5 |
31 1 31 |
1 32 |
2 5 |
31 |
6 |
|||
|
|
|
|||||||
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
55 |
|
|
55 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
2 |
|
$8$ $9$ $9$ $: ! )!
% )! # ( # 0
0
; , )! ,
# " #
, # 1 #
# 4
$8$<-- $%& '(
= $8$- -< <> 1
# # 4