Специальные электрические машины с внедрением в учебный процесс / INTRODUCTION_

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of the diploma work is the creation of the multimedia control program of the section «Special electric machines».

It is known, that the excellence of training can be achieved then, when the students concern to knowledge with interest, tend to expand the knowledge of this or that area. At the same time they understand, that the successful training depends not only on their diligence and service capability, but it is also connected with common organization of the educational process.

What could promote the best mastering of knowledge, to boosting of competitiveness of the students at employment and what could prevent this?

By main reason of a dissatisfaction in organization of the educational process at the end of 70 years. The students named monotony of the forms of training, to which the students of all high schools referred. The second significant the factor is a large amount of material. And then there were such reasons, as deficiency of time, absence of personal interest and disadvantage of a creative beginning on occupations, weak supervision behind quality of knowledge.

Among other reasons interfering the students to study, are the data of TSSI MGU for 1997, they self-critically put personal disorganization - 42% on the first place. Four years ago the second place occupied such reason as the unsuccessful schedule, for the today's students overlapping study with operation - 24 % is more urgent. The third place occupies dissatisfaction of the students by a level of teaching - 16 %.

It is important to mark, that from the first years of study to the next personal disorganization loses the significance a little: 2d course - 47 %, 4th course - 36 %, necessity of overlapping of study with operation a dissatisfaction by a level of teaching increases more, than 2 times.

The operation with the multimedia programs is a major stage of learning process, substantially cause quality of preparation.

In educational institutions the large value to more understandable presentation of a material and, in a particular, boosting of his efficiency was always added. So, for example, in many higher educational institutions the educational material is already presented as a video of the lectures. For the help of the students various multimedia methodical manuals are developed, in various subjects.

While developing the multimedia tutorial it is necessary to clarify, what it is.

«Multimedia» in our understanding means the computer technology operating for representation of the information not only as the text, but also a schedule, colour, sound, animation, video of the map in any combinations. Accordingly «the multimedia tutorial» is a tutorial, at which creation the computer technology of MULTIMEDIA that is technology of transmission of colour, sound, schedules in any combination. This determination does not contradict the terms «tutor» and «the electronic tutorial», though the last, strictly speaking, can not be multimedia, that is in this tutorial the technology of a text processing can only be used.

In the given software product the technology of training representing collection of a multimedia means on representation of a material and exercises is applied. The information part of the developed software product contains the textual information on investigated section, and also graphics part representing collection of the static maps and dynamic scenes. The tutor fulfils the supervision of knowledge of the students on initial and finite grade levels, and in a random error of the student at the answer to questions forms the guidelines at further course of training. A set of check exercises also is stipulated which need to be fulfilled to the pupil for demonstrating successful learning of a material.

The given software product can be used as locally, that is to be installed on a hard disk of the computer or recorded on CD-ROM, and to be accessible through a network.

The various multimedia learning tutorials and encyclopaedias are distributed at present. In fundamental these courses of training represent the separate lectures or exposure from them. The precise presentation of a material as the electronic tutorial, unfortunately, they have no. At the best, these courses represent the electronic books, without the supervision of progress. In similar courses the improvement of skills and skills is not stipulated. But the given complexes of software find the application in various areas of science, where it is required to receive an initial level of knowledge.

The main feature of any training is the greater accent on independent operation of a pupil. This feature appears of great difficulty for him. The joint activity of the teacher and pupil, their interaction makes a base of the educational process, including those cases, when the independent operation of the pupil occupies a significant place in this process. And in this case the important place is occupied by a various auxiliary means most acceptable from which is the means uniting in all sorts of the information, such means and is the developed software product.

The modern multimedia educational means should reflect the contents of all modern technological possibilities and at the same time is accessible for a wide range of customers. The informative part should state in accessible sort the information at considered course, giving trained all necessary material which can be represented in several ways: with the help of the text and animation. The monitoring system of knowledge should be various, for provision that the possibility of change of questions, change about their following, change of possible variants of the answers with the given questions is stipulated. It is necessary for an adequate rating of the obtained knowledge. The interface of the developed software product should be clear; the system of navigating should be simple and understandable, at the same time she should provide fast access to all functions of a system.

On the basis of these principles there was developed the multimedia manual with section of «Special electric machines».

The striving to truth is peculiar to a man, the wise men call it as sense of life. In any age search, obtaining and mastering of knowledge that, we call education, is necessary, and with time it is a sufficient condition of satisfaction of thirst of knowledge. On this path the success only then will accompany a going man, when there will he a purpose and a strong motivation of the sequence of the fundamental levels of education. First of all there must be orientation in a new field of the subject, that is the review of all investigated branch of knowledge, as though from height «of the bird's flight», mastering of formal structure and structure of the investigated subject, methods and means, theories and hypotheses, and also fundamental sources are necessary: methodical materials and classical works of the subject. The second stage: Selection of the material and the drawing up of the program of self-training, where it is necessary to arrange all the size of the investigated literature and practical operations in time and studies. Then it is possible to begin studying the fundamental material, that is mastering of the information and - or of skills, which is completed with the supervision and rating, at which the acquired knowledge is taken out to the court of a public.

It is possible to name this simple circuit as a methodical base of any individual «path» of education, - of a schoolboy, and a student, and a technician - professional.

The quality of preparation of a technician in a high school is determined, first of all, by what degree the contents of training is adequate to state of the art of science and engineering, and also, as far as the used technologies of training use modern achievements in the field of methods and means of education.

In connection with significant boosting of quality and possibilities of a computer the area of their application has now extended in many spheres of activity and has gone deeply to establish the educational programs basing multimedia technologies, that is technologies, uniting some kinds of the information. The application of the given way of training is capable to raise quality, rate and availability of processes of education.

The purpose of the degree project is the development and implementation of the multimedia manual with the section of «Special electric machines» with the introduction in of it to the educational process.

1 ANALYSIS OF A CURRENT CONDITION OF A PROBLEM

The digital technologies, all more actively penetrating in various spheres of human life, have reached the system of derivation. Developments of learning multimedia - applications become one of priority directions of operations of the companies.

The world experiences the present boom in the market of a means and technologies of computer training. It has touched Russia to a lesser degree, than countries of West, but it is only consequence of an insufficient level of development of an information infrastructure. On the other hand millions people have already access to PCs, and also to local and global networks today. It means, that it is time to receive for own developments in sphere of education. As the experience of the last years, shows the pioneers of the domestic market already confidently occupy the niche. And among them there are not only developers of learning multimedia - applications, but also manufacturers of means for creation of similar products [1].

The existing instruments for preparation of interactive software products operating in learning process of the users all riches of multimedia technologies, allow to work with them not only experimental programmers, but also the one who never collided with writing of the programs earlier. For example, the professor at the institute should not be knocked in a door of publishing houses any more to publish the tutorial. Instead of it he will translate the stored material of work and the methodical material in the electronic form. Such situation arranges both teachers and students.

The specialists in the field of education converge in opinion, that in the coming decades that part of their branch will develop most dynamically which is coupled to application of computer systems and global networks. The new possibilities have appeared due to a new combination at once of several elements: classical remote training (both in West and in Russia during decades the study «by mail»), interactive electronic quick references practiced, and also abilities of modern computers to process multimedia applications. The results of the off-the-shelf methods of teaching were distributed by the widest image. They are interactive tutorials for independent mastering of a subject, and courses of the lectures read on the basis of multimedia manuals, in various educational institutions. On a global scale in Internet even virtual universities giving the same education, only without strict schedules of visiting of classes and for essential a smaller payment.

Ease and availability of electronic courses have made them rather effective instrument for extramural education. Let's imagine that the whole company translates the document circulation in a digital form, for example, with usage of servers of Microsoft Exchange or production of the set of Lotus. How fast and with minimum expenses some hundreds of people study, which have got used to deal extremely with paper carriers? To send all of them to the courses with a separation from production is unreal, no less than to put each department on the man - instructor. At the same time the decision is simple and obviously: except the software necessary for creation of a new system, the administration buys a compact disc with the appropriate tutorial. For the defined period all users independently from each other will pass the course of training for a new profession, having spared, thus, nerves and time, and also company's resource.

It is pleasant to mark the fact, that the domestic developers of the learning multimedia programs, including BITTU process of production of the multimedia of educational programs has joined.

2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF THE SOFTWARE «ММУП»

At creation of the «ММУП» (мультимедийная управляющая программа) it is necessary to use the programs of creation of a video; the language of creation is direct to the contents of «ММУП», and also a set of software being tools of creation «ММУП».

2.1 Classification of tool sheaths for creation of the multimedia manuals

Figure 1 - Classification of the tool sheaths for creation of the multimedia manuals

2.1.1 T h e p r o g r a m « D i s c o v e r W a r e » i s a m u l t i – p u r p o s e n e t w o r k e n v i r o n m e n t o f d e v e l o p m e n t o f l e a r n i n g a p p l i c a t i - o n s. It has the full screen interface, plenty of exercises and jobs without necessity of their installation on the computer of the trainee, possibility of obtaining of help in a concrete subject from specialized knowledge bases. Switches on the advanced means of self-test and offers training a different level depending on transmission of the tests up to, in time and after transmission of concrete course [1].

Advantage of the given system is the support of different platforms: «Linux х86», «Linux РРС», «Macintosh», «Windows».

Disadvantage of the given software package is the narrow spectrum of sold functions, impossibility of implementation of a plenty of variants of the interface of a tutor.

2.1.2 « E v e n t W a r e « - i s a s o f t w a r e o f r e a l t i m e. It is used for remote training and realization of computer conferences is used as the training environment, for realization of seminars, on-line tools. Emulates the real educational class and the «class board», open subsystems of negotiation, group travels till the Internet distributed slide - projection and others includes such instruments, as divided on usage through a standard Internet - browser.

Being the auxiliary organizational program of electronic conferences «EventWare» can not serve as the valuable tool of creation of a multimedia tutor, owing to limitation of the functions.

2.1.3 P r o g r a m « T o p C l a s s » - s u p p o r t s y s t e m o f f e r i n g t h e s t r u c t u r e d l e a r n i n g e n v i r o n m e n t. The students are involved in group operation in classes. «TopClass» offers various variants of delivery of courses to the trainee. It can be the decision completely constructed on the Internet technologies, but the system can be used and as adding training. Using a standard Internet - browser, the user receives access to course and various instruments for the communications to receive advices from the teachers or to join in collective operation with other students. The interface of the program can be tuned individually for target and more effective training. In this environment the courses can switch on any the Internet compatible materials promoting the best mastering of the program of course, such, as a stream video and audio. «TopClass» supports technologies of built - in applets «Java», as well as «ActiveX». The instructors of remote training can select from various sort the built - in tests, which then will be automatically processed and rated by a server «TopClass» with distribution of the structured information on various aspects of progress trained. The possibilities «TopClass» for realization of discussions switch on discussions, multistream computer conferences and possibilities of connection to the messages of additional files. The navigating is easily carried out through a special key of the interface available on each page.

The necessity of presence of the instructors during performance of the educational software package is the constraining factor on propagation paths of the given tool. The limiting superimposed on the interface of the program, do not enable free organization of the multimedia manual, which is negative property of the given program. Also it is necessary to mark a large size of a program code, and high requirements to the hardware of equipment serving for implementation of functions of training as the negative sides of the given software product.

2.1.4 T h e p r o g r a m « T h e L e a r n I n g M a n a g e r » - « W I n d o w s » - o r i e n t e d a p p l i c a t i o n p e r m i t t i n g :

- To make out educational applications of the indirect developers, using the text, schedule, and multimedia operational lifers;

- To establish cards of courses, this will help the students to be oriented in the contents of a material and in the schedule of execution of the jobs;

- To supply the contents of courses to the students on a network;

- To test the students.

The given software is out-of-date for today. The established programs are intended for operation in the 16-bit environment Windows. The means given to the developer, can not perceive the modern standards of a multimedia. The interface of the program of remote training is poor on functions and diversity.

2.1.5 W i t h t h e h e l p o f t h e p r o d u c t « T o o l B o o k I I A s s i s - t a n t» i t i s p o s s i b l e, w i t h o u t k n o w l e d g e o f b e g i n n i n g s o f p r o - g r a m m i n g t o e s t a b l i s h a n d t o d i s t r i b u t e t u t o r s o n b a s e t h e I n t e r n e t. In «ToolBook II Assistant « there is an interface, controlled by means of masks, which allows to conduct training step by step. There is a possibility of addition in the educational program of a video, sound, the schedules and interactive functions.

«ToolBook II Instructor» provides a qualitative combination of possibilities of authoring development, ease of usage and correspondence to the standards. The system has a sheath «WYSIWYG», possibility of choice of preliminary samples, directory with standard objects. «ToolBook Assistant» - application created specially for the writers and the developers of courses, not having knowledge of the programmer.

The instruments of creation of courses «ToolBook II Assistant» and «ToolBook II Instructor» the companies «Click2learn, Inc» are software, with which help it makes possible to establish electronic course and to publish it in the Internet, Intranet, locally networks or on a compact set disks. They include a set of additional utilities, such as the Editor of Sounds, the Editor and Optimizer of the graphic Palette, Editor of Icons, «FTP» of the Utility.

The learning courses developed with the help of «ToolBook Instructor/Assistant», correspond to the international standards of Electronic training, such as «AICC» and «SCORM». The process of propagation of courses is automated as much as possible – a built - in wizard «WebSpecialist» will lead the writer through all process of the publication in the Internet or Intranet, and will prepare the course together with an installation program for arrangement on CD-ROM for operation with it under the guide of «Windows». «ToolBook II Assistant» is suggested for the instructors, teachers, managers of the staff and everyone, who is connected with the training, exchange of experience and rating of a level of preparation.

Having essential functionalities, the system «ToolBook II Assistant» allows to form the educational programs on the basis of offered masks, which, despite of all diversity, nevertheless can not allow to realize the developer the original decision for the separate multimedia manual.

2.1.6 A d a p t i v e d i a l o g u e i n f o r m a t i o n s y s t e m «А Д О Н И С». This program, which allows to enter automated educational course into the computer and to reproduce it, that is to fulfil the course. The automated educational course is stored in the computer as a set of frames. Each frame contains the text and figure. Besides if the frame inspecting, that is contains a question, then the standard answers are described, and for each standard answer it is pointed, to what frame to transfer, if a student will give such answer. «АДОНИС» works in two modes: «authoring», when there is a creation of automated educational course, and «learning», when the automated educational course is used in training.

«АДОНИС» enables

During the usage of the course:

- To select the course from a set of courses available in the computer;

- To start it;

- To stop at any moment then to continue from this point;

- To receive the statistical data for every student, quantity of sessions, duration, quantity of preset questions and correct answers, rating

During the development of the course:

- To establish a frame, to write the text by the necessary colour in the necessary place, to supply the text with a figure;

- To describe the standard answers and to ask, to what frame in what case to transfer;

- To correct both contents of a frame, and condition of junctions on other frames;

- To store the course on magnetic disks;

The fundamental disadvantage of a software package «АДОНИС» is the system of the tests constructed with the help of frames, owing to what the adequate analysis of results of testing is impossible, as the branching of structure of frames does not allow fast and effectively to reveal area of the program of training, in which the trainee accepted an error.

2.1.7 T o o l c o m p l e x «У н и в е р с а л». It develop for creation of learning courses in any subjects with usage of the alphanumeric and graphics information. The complex can be used for creation and editing of information blocks on separate subjects and subsequent association them in learning course in the given subject.

The tool complex switches on the following parts:

- The graphics editor has possibilities for creation of animated cartoon, the record of the maps as a sequence of graphics primitives considerably reduces size of used memory, there is a possibility of creation of a set of figures facilitating layout and animated cartoon, overlapping of the text and schedules.

- The editor of plants allows to record the block of plants of a computer on each answer trained on the given subject.

- The editor of the answers and junctions forms logic of transmission of the information block, allows to enter and to edit all sorts of the described above answers trained, and also to set parameters of the simulated process or offered task by choice by a random image from a preset range or on values, gated in during the dialogue trained with a computer.

- The linker forms the information block of files created in the previous editors, uniqueness already available information block, clears graphics pages of the text for the subsequent record on other languages.

- The editor of the course forms the menu of learning course of separate information blocks in the given subject.

- The mode of demonstrating the training/supervision allows to look through the learning course or separate information block of applications.

The tree-structured system of the help and diagnostics of errors allows the user who is not familiar with the bases of programming to master skills of operation with a system for 5-8 hours.

The software of a complex «Универсал» is developed in the language «Borland C++».

The developed tutorial allows realizing three types of occupations.

Demonstrating is the simulation analysis of the physical phenomenon or process. It switches on the controlled dynamic model of the physical process, the selection of a theoretical material for information. In a course of occupation a student should enter initial conditions, in some occupations the initial conditions are generated by the random-number generator. The data show that a student should make necessary accounts and enter results in a computer. It there are errors the theoretical items of information on the given section are gated out on the display screen, and then the question is repeated. In case of two unsuccessful attempts of the answer on the screen the correct result is gated out and the junction to the following question is carried out.

Problem solving is the occupation which switches on the task generalizing the given section with detailed analysis of the decision and the multialternative task for the supervision of obtained skills. In the task with the detailed decision the step analysis of the task is carried out in an interactive mode. A student is given the possibility to fulfil each following step independently. It is the attempt unsuccessful the help material and right answer is gated out on the screen. Then the following step is made. The tasks contain 15-20 steps.

The multialternative task is for the supervision of skills of the decision. It allows to generate not less than 10 conditions of the one-type tasks for the individual decision on one educational situation. Each task contains one generalizing hint, which is gated out on the screen after the first unsuccessful attempt.

Being the means of the development of the programs of training installed a PC «Универсал» is not suitable for creation of software products providing the publication and performances in the Internet. That is an essential disadvantage, as the processes of integration of derivation as a whole and tutors in particular with Internet occur to all rising rates.

2.1.8 T h e p r o g r a m L i n k W a y i s a p o w e r m u l t i m e d i a h y p e r- t e x t s y s t e m. It has the advanced built - in «Script» language. The flexibility of the hypertext allows the teacher to personalize learning process, and also to make by its visual and interesting at moderate expenses for development of learning courses.

The fundamental components «Linkway»: objects, «Linkway» utility, graphics, textual, character editor ««Linkway» and «Script» language.

The disadvantage of the given tool sheath is standard of the interface for the majority of hypertext documents of a multimedia learning manual, received as a result of development, and rather high requirements to hardware.

2.1.9 P r o g r a m « У Р О К » i s U n I v e r s a l E d I t o r o f L e a r n i n g C o u r s e s a T o o l c o m p l e x. It is intended for creation of systems of computer-based learning. The system represents «УРОК» a program complex providing creation of computer learning and inspecting courses in various data domains, realization of the tests and check jobs. «УРОК» can also be used for creation of presentation, demonstration complexes and projects. The conducting version of the development support system «УРОК - 6.00». The version « УРОК - 6.00» is entered into operation in 2001. System is functionally divided into the following parts: a system of the Writer, System Trained, Editor of the Scripts, Editor of Dynamic Models, Graphics Editor. The program complex gives ample opportunities of connection of various dynamic modules and usages of modern multimedia tools. Thus for minimum time it is achieved enough high level of training of the students of educational institutions and centres. Besides the program complex allows to carry out the supervision behind training and effective handle of the educational process. There is a number of other functions and possibilities for wider usage of the given complex at development of new software products. With the help of the program complex «УРОК 6.00» the computer programs are made for realization of the doctrines with the usage of automated work stations and simulation analysis of various situations for a substantiation of acceptance of the correct decision are established at execution of the defined tasks. The fundamental advantage of a system «УРОК» before similar systems consists in the comprehensive approach to the decision of a problem of automation of training. The unity between two various processes - development of course and organization of training is provided in «УРОК» at a level of its structure. The important advantage of «УРОК» is its openness, flexibility and possibility of import various given, graphics and textual. In «УРОК» there is a possibility of connection and start-up of tutors created in other tool environments. There is a possibility of shaping of an integrated rating of knowledge in view of results obtained trained in programs, being external in relation to «УРОК».

Disadvantage of the system «УРОК» is the usage of the limited in-house operational lifers of the given editor, narrow directivity of a tutor and limitation of operation with trained by means of Internet - technologies.

2.1.10 S o f t w a r e p r o d u c t «H y p e r M e t h o d 3.5 » i s t h e d e s i g- n e r o f m u l t i m e d i a a p p l i c a t i o n s. It is aimed for fast and effective creation of information systems, presentation disks, electronic tutorials, quick references, of the encyclopaedias and any other multimedia of applications.

About thousand organizations from more than 20 cities of Russia, from close countries and other ones have already selected this packet for the operation. For today it is the unique domestic software product represented in the market of development tools by a multimedia of applications.

Further we shall consider components of a system «HyperMethod 3.5».

The development of a network of the Internet opens new perspectives of remote derivation, at which the possibilities peculiar to training are provided to the pupil and the tool packet «eLearning Office 3000» is intended, first of all, for the teachers of maximum and average educational institutions, and also for the technicians occupied with problems of remote training. It distinguishes the friendly interface and maximum automation of operations. «eLearning Office 3000» includes three program components: «eAuthor», «ePublisher», «eBoard». «eAuthor» is designer for creation of remote multimedia educational courses with the lectures and the terminological dictionary, with systems of testing and search. The program is a high level authoring means based on technologies «Web-CD». «ePublisher» is a designer of the electronic manuals. «eBoard» - component for support of the interactive lectures through the Internet. The program allows transmitting the map from the Internet - chamber, video-tape recorder, screen of the screen monitor and other devices capable to conduct transmission. «eLearning Office 3000» is not the first program development for organization of remote training.

The remote education becomes a unique real possibility to study in an individual mode, irrespective of a place and time, and to get education continuously and on an individual trajectory according to high principles of open education. The remote education is called to realize the rights of the man to continue education and obtaining of the information

The software product «HyperMethod 3.5» is an instrument for creation of complex multimedia products, which is so simple in handle, as far as it is effective in operation. The packet does not require special skills of programming and has the intuitively understandable Russian interface. Besides the packet allows working practically with any formats of files:

- ASCII formats - «HTML», «RTF», «TXT», «PDF»;

- Graphics formats - «GIF», «JPG», «BMP», «WMF», «EMF»;

- Voice formats - «WAV», «MIDI», «MP3»;

«HyperMethod 3.5» solves any tasks in development of multimedia applications:

- The operates with any information volumes, encyclopaedias and directories;

- Establishes structures of any complexity containing of tens thousand of hyperlinks;

- Allows establishing individual design, representation disks;

- Is easily integrated with data bases and about the Internet;

- Uses power retrieval mechanisms, quick references and archives.

The used metaphor of a text editor allows rather easily to master operation of a packet. Due to the built - in programming language it is possible to establish and feedback system - with check of knowledge of the user.

The given packet gives possibility for design of appearance of the developed program, nevertheless, for shaping a program code of the learning multimedia software package it is necessary to program using the built - in programming language, that requires additional intellectual expenses. The application of the in-house programming language as superimposes limiting on the developed software package.

2.2 Classification of the programming languages

At present there are thousand, if not tens and hundred thousand languages, dialects and their implementations. Moreover, new languages are daily born or dialects existing of the languages appear [2].

Almost any language is possible to examine as the improved version of any other language. It is sometimes very difficult draw a breakpoint link, where one language comes to an end and another starts. Take, for example, «LISP», which started as the separate language and has resulted in the total in the whole set of languages. Its dialects such as «Scheme» or «Common Lisp» have the large differences. Its variants such as «Kyoto Common Lisp» or «Allegro CL» and are identical, but can have some features, which make them incompatible.

The implementations are established for start-up on the concrete computer with a concrete operating system and can have additional properties. Some sequential invisible variations in implementation can result in small variations in the language.

Not always the name of the language can unambiguously identify it. Sometimes a language can undergo significant variations in the language without the change of the name. Sometimes only the name varies, and language remains same «IAL» in «ALGOL», and then in «ALGOL 58». And it happens, that one name is used for several different languages.

Usually it is difficult it happens to distinguish, that belongs to the characteristic of the language, and to its environment. For example, «SML» is described in some stages, at first the syntax of a nucleus, and then its expansions, that technically defines two various languages. The descriptions of some languages can omit such important features, as is the file inlet/lead-out as is not supposed use them without the standard library, in a case of C, for example, or without the environment of development as a whole, or because it makes the command language of any operating system or commercial product.

At the same time some languages are inherently extended as «Fort», and for them there is such plenty of such expansions as for «TeX», for example, that each such expansion is possible to consider as the separate language.

It often happens that a known manufacturer brings in expansions to the core language in the implementation, for example, «Turbo Pascal» or «Delphi» in implementations «of the Borland» corporation strongly differs from the out-of-date standard «ANSI». The same tendency it is especially visible in various implementations of «BASIC» or «Prolog». The implementations of «Basic» of one corporation can often strongly differ from each other, for example «Microsoft» has the following list of different from each other variants to a greater or lesser extent «Basic»: «Visual Basic», «Visual Basic for Applications», «Access Basic», «WordBasic», «TestBasic», «Basic PDS». Even the different implementations of such language as C can strongly differ from each other, so for example it is possible to consider «Turbo C» and «Microsoft C» as separate languages.

During the classification of languages we can select the following types of languages:

The programming languages

The description languages of documents

Figure 2 - Classification of the programming languages

2.2.1 S c r i p t l a n g u a g e s h a v e a r i s e n i n 1 9 6 0 s. Then there was an acute need for languages providing a program manager, differently speaking for, command languages of the tasks.

Belong to the commands, they are the Numerous command interpreters «CLI», so-called languages of batch processing and languages for construction of system command sheaths, vivid example - «sh», «csh» and their variations for «UNIX». As a rule, such languages are oriented not to interactive, and to the batch mode of processing, when the involvement of a man at the stage of execution is shown as zero and all works in continuous stream. These languages could not directly cooperate with an appropriate operating system, but also were supplied with a means of parsing of the programs and transformation of the data. With their help it was possible to establish various program filters used, in particular, in the pipeline of a system «UNIX». «Awk» is one of the known languages of such type for the first time appeared in «AT&T UNIX Version 7», and now is becoming a part of the standard «POSIX Command Language and Utilities». It is possible to attribute the mechanism of regular expressions, to key features of the language, which has found subsequently wide application in the environment universal script of languages, without which the analysis of the text is not so effective.

Languages of this class were oriented also to processing of system events, generating the text and high level access to data bases. Here it is necessary to mark the «RPG» language. This time it before is successfully applied to creation of the reports from corporate DB operating mainly on mainframes «RPG/400» for computers «IBM AS/400 «.

Today «Rexx» is used most actively from languages of this class, it is created in research laboratories «IBM». On a kit it differs a little, from universal script of languages, however it is fulfilled as the classical block-structured procedural language and is intended mainly for integration and expansion of a multifunction of applications.

2.2.2 A p p l i e d s c r i p t l a n g u a g e s a p p e a r e d i n 1 9 8 0 s, i n e p o c h o f a p p e a r a n c e o f i n d u s t r i a l P C s. Then there appeared a necessity of the tasks of interactive dialogue with an operating system, and also data access of spreadsheets and data bases. A distinctive feature of script languages of the given class is the orientation to a client part of the software.

The table 1 - Applied script languages

The name	Year of appearance	The developer of the language	Organization, where the language was created
HyperTalk	1986	-	Apple Computer
Visual Basic	1990	-	Microsoft
JavaScript	1994	-	Netscape Communications, Microsoft
CorelScript	1995	-	Corel
LotusScript	1995	-	Lotus Development
VBScript	1995	-	Microsoft
Pnuts	2001	Toyokazu Tomatsu	Sun Microsystems

Usage of object model in languages of the given class becomes already a norm, instead of exception. They still cannot be named as full languages of object-oriented programming; however they appreciably try to use convenience of the object approach.

Among applied script languages there is a variety for office programming, as «VBA» mostly selects «Visual Basic», including. «Visual Basic» is that most «boundary» language, which concerns to script, than to traditional faster. It influenced in many respects such class of languages, as applied script languages. Moreover, operation with the user's interface and embedding of program components «VBX», «OCX», «ActiveX» of steel hardly probable not by a visiting card of the given language. It is necessary to note, that in a course of evolution «VBA» has swallowed other specific languages, in particular «Word Basic» and «Excel Macro Language», having undertaken their tasks. Under its influence such languages, as «VBScript», special dialect of the language Visual Basic, oriented on creation of OLE-components and on operation were created within the framework of browsers and «LotusScript», some kind of analog of languages «VBA» and «CorelScript», intended for problem solving of automation of office in frameworks «Lotus Notes».

«JavaScript» stands especially in this number, becoming the standard in Internet - programming at implementation of a client part. Its prototype was the «LiveScript» language, being a part of the server «LiveWire» product of the «Netscape» company and originally built - in «Netscape Navigator 2.0». After appearance of the «Java» language of corporation «Sun Microsystems» it began to play a role of a self-sufficient deckhouse above this language, and its name was replaced by «JavaScript». Dialects of this language is «Jscript» of corporation Microsoft and «ECMAScript».

«JavaScript» can be used at shaping of the program code of the tests input and outgoing control of the multimedia manual created on the basis of Internets - technologies.

We shall mention the experimental «Pnuts» language from the beginners in the given class of languages, which fundamental idea is to give of the scripts the most complete access to «Java API» within the framework. It can be used for the most different tasks, but, first of all for operation with the component software.

2.2.3 L a n g u a g e s o f s e c t o r i n g, o r t a g g e d l a n g u a g e s, s t a n d a l i t t l e a t s o m e d i s t a n c e f r o m a t r u n k l i n e o f d e v e l o p m e n t o f s c r i p t l a n g u a g e s. The systems of macro processing, every possible macroprocessors, so popular in 1960s 1970s are closest for them. Their main distinctive feature - embedding of a special code as isolated «commands» - tags is direct in the normal texts. Such languages, as «Postscript» and «RTF» which are more often perceived simply as the special format of representation of documents. The tags are to use for the most different purposes: for separation of structure of the information from its contents, for embedding commands of formatting and even for the job of dynamic behaviour of interactive objects, built - in in the document.

The table 2 - Languages of sectoring

The name	Year of appearance	The developer of the language	Organization, where the language was created
GML	1969	Charles Goldfarb	IBM
TeX	1979	Donald Knut	Stanford University
SGML	1986	-	ISO
HTML	1991	Tim Bernersly	CERN
CFML (Cold Fusion)	1995	-	Allaire
DHTML	1996	-	Microsoft, Netscape Communications
XML	1997	-	W3C
XHTML	2001	-	W3C