The participle as adverbial modifier of cause (reason) причастие в функции обстоятельства причины

Функция	Форма причастия	Место в предложении	Примеры	Перевод
Обстоятельство причины Adverbial modifier of cause (reason)	Participle 1 non-perfect perfect Participle II	В начале или в конце	1 Having plenty of time (= As we had plenty of time), we decided to walk to the station 2. Being absent- minded (Because he was absent-minded) he often left the keys to his room. 3. Having never seen John's father I cannot tell you what kind of man he is. 4. Not knowing his address (Because we didn't know his address) we could not write him. 5. Embarrassed, he didn't know what to say. 6. Given the book only yesterday, he was not able to read it.	1. Имея много времени(- Так как у нас было много времени),- мы решили пойти на вокзал пешком 2. Будучи рассеянным(=Так как он был рассеянным), он часто забывал ключи от комнаты. Поскольку я никогда не видел отца Джона, я не могу сказать, что он собой представляет как человек. Не зная его адреса, мы не могли ему написать. Испытывая смущение, он не знал, что сказать. Так как ему дали книгу только вчера, он не смог прочитать ее.

Примечания:

1. Причастие I и причастие II в функции обстоятельства причины переводятся на русский язык действительным причастием (зная, придя, сделав), страдательным деепричастием (будучи спрошенным) или придаточным предложением причины (с союзами "так как", "поскольку").

2. В некоторых случаях трудно, а иногда и нельзя установить, выражает ли причастный оборот с Perfect Participle Active обстоятельство причины или обстоятельство времени, поскольку он может объединять в себе оба значения (как и соответствующий ему деепричастный оборот в русском языке);

Having lived in Moscow for many years Прожив в Москве много лет (Так (= As he had lived in Moscow for many как он прожил в Москве много years, or: After he had lived in Moscoe лет, или: После того как он for many years), he knew the city very прожил в Москве много лет), он well. знал этот город очень хорошо.

Exercise 1. Read the following sentences. Point out the Participle used as an adverbial modifier of cause. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Having spent four years in personnel management, I feel well qualified for the job. 2. Not knowing what to do, I telephoned the police. 3. Exhausted by the long journey, he soon fell asleep. 4. Being in London, I could not help him. 5. Not knowing the man, I can't introduce you to him. 6. Not having seen her for nine years, he didn't recognise her. 7. Having failed the exam the first time, he decided to take it again. 8. She didn't say a word shocked by his proposal. 9. Finding him a bore, I kept out of his way. 10. Being unable to help in any other way, I gave her some money. 11. Having failed to qualify as a doctor, I took up teaching. 12. Having been warned about the bandits, he left his valuables at home. 13. Being only a student, I can't afford to get married. 14. Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up.

Exercise 2. Change the following sentences using Participle I to express cause.

Model: 1. -1 thought he was asleep. I switched off the radio.

- Thinking he was asleep, I switched off the radio.

2. - Peter had passed the final exams well. He was offered a good job.

- Having passed the final exams well, Peter was offered a good job.

1. He saw his mistake and stopped arguing. 2. Since they knew that he was rich, they made him pay through the nose. 3. He has no sense of what is right or wrong. He is amoral. 4.1 had heard that Ron was fond of playing tennis. I bought Ron a pair of tennis shoes. 5. I knew that the mountains were dangerous. I took a guide. 6. I felt tired. I stopped at a motel to rest. 7. Cliff believed he could trust Catherine. He told her about his plan. 8. Since he had missed a lot of lessons, he failed the exam. 9. As Peter had no relatives in the city, he had to stay at a hotel. 10. They robbed the mail train. They looked for a place to hide the money. 11. As we wished to see as much of the town as possible, we hired a car. 12. I had been to his place before. I didn't wish to go there again. 13. I stood in front of the mirror. I could see what was going on behind my back. 14. Since the burglar had not left any fingerprints, he could not be caught.

Exercise 3. Combine the sentences beginning with not + Participle I to express cause.

Model: 1. - She didn't wish to continue her studies. She decided to become a typist.

- Not wishing to continue her studies, she decided to become a typist.

2. - We hadn't received a letter from Mike. We sent him an urgent telegram

- Not having received a letter from Mike, we sent him an urgent telegram.

1. We didn't have ready money. We couldn't even dream of buying a car. 2. As I didn't get through to him on the phone, I sent him a telegram. 3.1 didn't know where the Wilkins lived. I couldn't visit them. 4. We hadn't learnt the time of departure. We missed the train. 5. I didn't know about a vacancy in the Marketing Department. I didn't apply for the post. 6. I didn't know Chinese. I couldn't read the contract. 7. We hadn't bought anything for dinner. We had to go to a cafe. 8. She stopped as she didn't know which way to follow. 9.1 had not seen the man before. I didn't recognise him. 10. Peter hadn't wound the alarm-clock. He overslept. 11. He turned to me for help because he didn't know how to deal with the problem. 12. We hadn't heard about his generosity. We couldn't ask him to lend us money to start up a business. 13. He didn't know the language. He couldn't take part in the conference. 14. We had never done business with this firm before. We couldn't sign such a big contract.

Exercise 6. Combine the two sentences using Participle II to express cause.

Model: - The speaker refused to continue. He was infuriated by the interruptions.

- Infuriated by the interruptions, the speaker refused to continue.

1. He decided to have a rest. He was exhausted by hard work. 2. We were woken up by some noise in the middle of the night. We decided to complain to the manager of the hotel. 3. Art students fail to understand the importance of science. They are inclined to regard science only as the power behind mass production. 4. We changed the lines of our research. We were disappointed by the results. 5. They gave him very little time. He was not able to collect the necessary data. 6. We decided to put off out trip. We were depressed by the news. 7. Brian was left alone in a strange town. He felt at a loss. 8. This novel was written by a popular writer. It was a great success. 9. The suit was made by a professional tailor. It looked very nice. 10. Mr. Brown was impressed by the picture and made up his mind to buy it. 11. Bill was given two tickets for the theatre. He invited Susan to go with him. 12. I was pressed for time. I couldn't even have breakfast. 13.1 was awarded first prize. I wanted to buy a new TV set with the money. 14. We were warned about the auditors' visit and were not surprised to see them.

Exercise 7. Rewrite the following sentences so as to use an adverbial clause of cause instead of the constructions with Participle I.

Model: - Being often sent on business trips I have seen a lot of the country.

- As I am often sent on business trips, I have seen a lot of the country.

1. Being a great admirer of music, he attended all the concerts. 2. Not remembering the title of the book, we had to look it up. 3. Being a poor speller, he didn't like writing letters. 4. Living in the country, we had few social visits. 5. Not having a car, she finds it difficult to get around. 6. Fearing that the police would recognise him, he never went out in daylight. 7. Having seen nothing like that before, I was eager to see the performance. 8. Not being allowed to read, he mostly spent his time listening to the radio. 9. Touched by their attention, the old woman smiled. 10. Having seen the photographs of the place, I had no desire to go there. 11. Being a very experienced worker, he was able to do the job in a week. 12. Wishing to please Jack, he accepted the invitation. 13. Not knowing the language and having no friends in the town, he found it hard to get a job. 14. Being unemployed, he hasn't got much money.

Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences into English using Participle I or Participle II as an adverbial modifier of cause.

1. Так как день был теплый, мы открыли окно. 2. Отказавшись от надежды получить повышение, он решил подыскать себе другую работу. 3. Будучи в хорошем расположении духа, он был весел и разговорчив. 4. Не зная, где получить эти данные, он попросил своего друга помочь ему. 5. Видя, что мой друг растроен, я попытался успокоить его. 6. Не зная ее адреса, я обратился в справочное бюро. 7. Так как я никого не знал, в офисе, я попросил Николая представить меня моим новым коллегам. 8. Зная хорошо английский язык, он смог работать в качестве переводчика. 9. Будучи новым человеком, он пока не задавал вопросов. 10. Узнав меня, он подошел к нашей группе и попросил разрешения присоединиться к нам. 11. Прочитав много книг С. Моэма, он хорошо знал этого писателя. 12. Будучи растроенным, он случайно повернул не в ту сторону. 13. Не имея много свободного времени, он читал газеты в автобусе по дороге на работу. 14. Побывав во многих странах, он знал много интересного о традициях других народов.

THE PARTICIPLE AS ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCES AND MANNER

ПРИЧАСТИЕ В ФУНКЦИИ ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВА СОПУТСТВУЮЩИХ УСЛОВИЙ И ОБРАЗА ДЕЙСТВИЯ

Функция	Форма	Место в	Примеры	Перевод
	причастия	предложении
Adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances and manner Обстоятель- ство сопутствую- щих условий и образа действия	Participle I	После глагола-	1. She sat on the sofa reading a book (= and read a book). 2. He went out of the room laughing. 3. They ran up the stairs talking loudly. 4. He went down the road limping. 5. He spoke stammering	1. Она сидела на диване, читая книгу (= и читала книгу). 2. Он вышел из комнаты, смеясь.
	non-perfect	сказуемого в
	active	начале и
		середине
		предложения
				3. Они взбежали по лестнице, громко раз- говаривая (и при этом громко разго- варивали) 4. Он шел по дороге прихрамывая. 5. Он говорил заикаясь.

Exercise 1. Read the following sentences and point out Participle I in the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances or manner. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. He asked questions looking at us suspiciously. 2. They walked quickly speaking about something with great interest. 3. She went out closing the door behind her. 4. He looked at me smiling. 5. She was standing on the bridge admiring the beautiful view. 6.1 wrote him a friendly letter, thanking him for the help. 7. Roger, frowning, shook his head. 8. Turning round he stared at me. 9. 1 kept silent thinking what to answer him. 10. He liked to sit on the sofa smoking a cigarette and watching TV. 11. They spent the whole day packing the equipment. 12. Since 1985 he has lived quietly in Britain, lecturing and writing for newspapers. 13. He wasted the whole day, looking for his missing glasses. 14. We can increase our profits selling this model in overseas market. 15. Any Japanese company creates harmony making decisions through consensus. 16. He stood at the window drinking of his future.

Exercise 3. Join the sentences using Participle I.

Model: 1. -I was sitting in the park. I was writing a letter.

-I was sitting in the park writing a letter.

2. - He went out. He closed the door behind him.

- He went out closing the door behind him.

1. The woman was driving along. She was listening to her car radio. 2. He came into the room. He was carrying a suitcase. 3. She answered all my questions. She tried to look indifferent. 4. She lay on the sofa and listened to music. 5. A lot of people stood at the bus stop. They were waiting for the bus. 6. I arrived at the examination hall. I was feeling very nervous. 7. A lorry ran into a bus. It smashed the front part of the bus. 8. Mary rushed into the living room.. She looked quite excited. 9. They were walking down the street. They were holding hands. 10. Helen was standing at the timetable. She was talking to the Dean. 11. Roy was sitting in the corridor. He was waiting for the news. 12. Robert was walking along the road. He was singing a song. 13. The truck drove up to the house. It made a lot of noise. 14. Jane left the room in a hurry. She said she would be back later.

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Они прошли мимо нас, громко разговаривая. 2. Она вышла, оставив чемодан в комнате. 3. Мужчина стоял, куря сигарету. 4. Джон сидел в гостиной, разговаривая о чем-то со своим отцом. 5. Он открыл книгу и показал мне подчеркнутое место. 6. Она улыбнулась и вышла из комнаты. 7. Мы оставили чемоданы в камере хранения и отправились на поиски комнаты в гостинице. 8. Мы стояли в коридоре, разговаривая о нашей поездке по Волге. 9. Лежа на диване, он читал книгу. 10. Она отвечала на наши вопросы и все время думала о случившемся. 11. Он молчал, ожидая, когда секретарь выйдет из кабинета. 12. Он лежал на диване, пытаясь заснуть. 13. Она сидела у окна и смотрела на улицу. 14, Он вышел из спальни, стараясь не разбудить жену.

THE PARTICIPLE IN OTHER SYNTACTICAL FUNCTIONS

ПРИЧАСТИЕ В ДРУГИХ СИНТАКСИЧЕСКИХ ФУНКЦИЯХ

Функция	Союзы	Примеры	Перевод
Adverbial modifier of condition Обстоятельство условия	if unless	1. If being told what to do they will certainly try to help. 2. He didn't usually utter a word unless spoken to.	1. Если им сказать, что делать, они непременно постараются помочь вам. 2. Он обычно не проронял ни единого слова, если только с ним не заговаривали.
Adverbial modifier of comparision Обстоятельство сравнения	as if as though	1. He looked at her as if wanting to ask something. 2. He stopped as if struck by some new idea.	1. Он посмотрел на нее так, как будто хотел спросить ее о чем-то. 2. Он остановился, как будто ему в голову неожиданно пришла новая идея.
Adverbial modifier of concession Обстоятельство уступки	though	1. Though knowing English well, he found difficulty in translating the letter. 2. Though offered a large reward, he would not tell the truth.	1. Хотя он хорошо знал английский язык, он встретился с трудностями при переводе этого письма. 2. Хотя ему предложили большое вознаграждение, он упорно отказывался рассказать правду.
Parenthesis Вводный член предложения		Strictly speaking, your friend is not right here.	Строго говоря, ваш друг здесь неправ.

Exercise 1. Read the following sentences. Point out the Participles and define their functions. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. She looked at me in surprise as though not believing my story. 2. Given certain conditions, such work can be done by anybody. 3. Though impressing the examiners, he nevertheless failed. 4. Considering everything, it wasn't a bad holiday. 5. If speaking in a loud voice you will be heard on the back rows too. 6. Though having started rather late they arrived at the appointed place on time. 7. He raised his head as if listening to something. 8. Judging from what you say, he ought to succeed. 9. If being told what to do they will certainly try to help you. 10. Generally speaking, the problem is not so easy as it seems to be. 11. Though deeply moved he did not show any outward sign of it. 12. As if torn with inner conflict and indecision, he cried. 13. Roughly speaking, the number of birds on this island exceeds one million. 14. If given the opportunity, this industry will rapidly develop. 15. Though astonished by her interest in the details of the accident, I went on with my story. 16. She did not see me as if blinded by her anger.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Строго говоря, это не совсем то, что я хотела сказать. 2. Джон будет говорить часами, если его не прервать. 3. Хотя мы довольны результатами, нам еще предстоит много сделать. 4. Он обязательно приедет, если его попросить. 5. Собака подбежала ко мне и завиляла хвостом, как будто приветствуя меня. 6. Если этот роман экранизировать, он, несомненно, будет иметь большой успех. 7. Вообще говоря, качество ваших компьютеров не соответствует нашим требованиям. 8. Он торопился так, как будто у него не было времени. 9. Он не торопился, хотя у него не было времени. 10. Ваш помощник сообщил секретарю, где его можно найти, если он понадобится. 11. Хотя она была очень удивлена его приезду, она ничего не сказала. 12. Если эту шутку прочитать буквально, то она не имеет смысла. 13. Вообще говоря, у меня нет времени, чтобы выслушать ее нелепые истории. 14. Если ее попросить, она расскажет много интересного о своей жизни за границей.