Формы причастий

Participle	Tense Voice	Active		Passive		Action
		Переход­ные глаголы	Непере­ходные глаголы	Переход­ные глаголы	Непере­ходные глаголы
Participle I	Indefinite (non-perfect)	asking	coming	being asked		Simul­taneous
	Perfect	having asked	having come	having been asked		Prior
Participle II	-	-		asked	come	Simul­taneous Prior

Participle I образуется от основы глагола при помощи суффикса -ing: to come - coming, to play - playing, to sit - sitting, to try - trying.

Participle II правильных глаголов образуется при помощи суффикса -ed: to ask - asked, to help - helped; неправильных глаголов - различными другими способами: to give - given, to send - sent, to do - done.

Неперфектная форма причастия I в активном и пассивном залоге обозначает действие, одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого, независимо от времени последнего:

She is looking at the boys playing in the yard.

She looked at the boys playing in the yard.

Она смотрит на мальчиков, играющих во дворе.

Она посмотрела на мальчиков, игравших во дворе.

Перфектная форма причастия I в активном и пассивном залоге обозначает действие, предшествующее действию глагола-сказуемого:

Having read the book I returned it to Прочитав книгу, я возвратил ее в

the library. библиотеку.

Having been kept in the reading-room После того, как книги хранились

for ten days, the books were then в течение десяти дней в читальном

returned to the funds. зале, их затем вернули в фонд.

Примечание:

Неперфектное причастие I от глаголов to see, to hear, to notice, to learn, to understand, to realise, to arrive, to come, to enter и др. может выражать действие, предшествующее действию глагола-сказуемого:

Hearing the news (When I heard the Услышав новость (Когда я

news), I ran to tell it to my friend.

Arriving at the hotel (When she arrived at the hotel), she went to her room.

услышал новость), я побежал рассказать ее другу.

Приехав в гостиницу (Когда она приехала а гостиницу), она прошла в свой номер.

Причастие II имеет только одну неизменяемую форму, т.е. у него нет ни временных, ни залоговых, ни видовых различий, а время действия, обозначенного им, определяется временем действия глагола-сказуемого:

The book discussed at the lesson yesterday deals with the problem of war.

The books discussed at the lesson are

always interesting.

The books discussed last year were

interesting.

Книга, обсужденная вчера на уроке, связана с проблемой войны.

Книги, обсуждаемые (обсуждавшиеся) на уроке, всегда интересны.

Книги, обсуждавшиеся в прошлом году, были интересные.

Хотя причастие II может быть образовано как от переходных, так и непереходных глаголов, самостоятельно употребляться может только причастие II от переходных глаголов. Это объясняется тем, что причастие II, как правило, имеет страдательное значение. Причастие II от непереходных глаголов служит только для образования перфектной формы глагола (have gone, has come).

Отрицательная форма причастий образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not, которая ставится перед причастием.

Not knowing his new phone number I Так как я не знал нового номера его was unable to tell him the news. телефона, я не мог сообщить ему эту новость

			Перевод
Форма причастия	Залог	Пример	Определе­ние	Обстоя­тельство
Неопреде­ленное причастие I	действительный	reading (переходный) coming (непереходный)	читающий, читавший идущий, шедший	читая, прочитав идя, подойдя
	страдательный	being read	читаемый, читавшийся	будучи читаем, будучи прочтен придаточным предложением

			Перевод
Форма	Залог	Пример	Определе-	Обстоя-
причастия			ние	тельство
Неопреде	страдательный	read	читаемый,	будучи читаем,
ленное			читанный,	прочитан
причастие II			прочтенный	придаточным
				предложением
		come	непереводи-
			мая форма,
			употребляе-
			мая в
			сложных
			временах
Перфектное	действительный	having read	-	прочитав,
причастие				прочтя
				придаточным
				предложением
		having come	-	придя
				придаточным
				предложением
	страдательный	having been read	-	будучи (ранее)
				прочтен
				придаточным
				предложением

Exercise 1. Form Participle I non-perfect from the following verbs. Mind the spelling.

to speak, to cut, to pay, to come, to buy, to go, to smoke, to study, to sit, to lie, to talk, to eat, to sell, to give, to stop, to die, to smile, to play, to approach, to say, to pass, to hear, to wait, to arrive, to discuss, to save, to make

Exercise 2. Give all possible forms of Participle I of the following verbs.

Translate the forms into Russian.

Model: to play

playing - играющий, игравший

being played - играемый, игравшийся having played - проиграв, сыграв

having been played - который проиграли; после того, как проиграли

to build, to grow, to take, to write, to open, to follow, to move, to forget, to close, to copy, to leave, to pay, to change, to hear, to manage, to teach, to rise, to fill, to break, to wear, to see, to develop, to decide, to show, to divide, to look, to return, to listen

Exercise 3. Form Participle II from the following verbs and translate them into Russian

Model: to discuss

discussed - обсужденный, обсуждаемый, обсуждающийся, обсуждавшийся

to give, to see, to perform, to translate, to forget, to allow, to sell, to prepare, to change, to read, to wash, to bring, to repeat, to pack, to leave, to buy, to drink, to find, to explain, to make, to say, to throw, to keep, to consider, to stage, to dress, to speak, to decide, to equip, to burn

Exercise 4. Translate into Russian

A. receiving - received finishing - finished

buying - bought

opening - opened sending – sent

exporting - exported doing - done

promising - promised losing - lost

showing - showed translating - translated giving - given

closing - closed forgetting - forgotten killing - killed

bringing - brought

reading - read

preparing - prepared signing - signed

concluding - concluded selling - sold

teaching - taught

B. discussing, asked, answering, written, waiting, standing, signed, reaching, showing, telling, getting up, copying, discussed, repeating, asking, sitting, reached, building, copied, told, sold, comparing, packing, answered, closing, built, manufactured, signing, manufacturing, breaking, shown, listening, taking part, lost, studying, leaving, seeing, studied, understanding, counting, phoning

Exercise 5. Translate the following phrases into Russian.

A. a smiling girl, playing children, a writing boy, a falling tree, a laughing baby, a sleeping man, a walking couple, reading audience, a running sportsman, a developing country, a crying child, a burning house, dancing students, the rising sun, a barking dog, the approaching train

B. a broken cup, a translated text, an unanswered letter, an opened window, a closed door, an occupied room, stolen money, a written letter, a fallen tree, a discussed problem, produced goods, a cooked dinner, a surprised man, lighted windows, a developed country, an excited student, a sent fax

Exercise 6. Translate into English.

А. покупающий, покупая, купленный, покупаемый продающий, продавая, проданный, продаваемый получающий, получая, полученный, получаемый подписывающий, подписывая, подписанный, подписываемый переводящий, переводя, переведенный, переводимый обсуждающий, обсуждая, обсужденный, обсуждаемый спрашивая, спрошенный, спрашивающий, спрашиваемый играя, сыгранный, играющий, играемый заказывая, заказанный, заказывающий, заказываемый разрушая, разрушенный, разрушающий, разрушаемый достигнутый, достигая, достигающий, достигаемый поднимая, поднятый, поднимающий, поднимаемый повторенный, повторяющий, повторяя, повторяемый

B. читающая девушка, разговаривающий студент, спящие дети, играющие котята, приближающийся поезд, работающие женщины, сидящая девочка, горящий дом, поющие птицы

C. хорошо подготовленный урок, принятое приглашение, законченный проект, хорошо сданный экзамен, хорошо поставленная пьеса, прочитанная книга, хорошо написанное стихотворение, хорошо одетая женщина, хорошо сделанный перевод, забытая мелодия, разбитая чашка, проданные билеты, упакованные вещи, хорошо приготовленный обед, разговорный язык

Exercise 7. Find Participle I in the following sentences and define its form.

1. All the engineers working at the Ministry of Foreign Trade must know foreign languages. 2. Having been warned that bad weather lay ahead, the captain changed the course. 3. Having realized that she had missed the train the woman began to walk slowly to the bus stop. 4. A letter lying on the table must be posted at once. 5. Being badly wounded, he recovered slowly. 6. Turning round the corner, he saw a policeman. 7. Having found no one at home, he went to the neighbours. 8. Have you read the text being translated by the students? 9. Having said all he knew the witness left the box. 10. She wrote him a friendly letter thanking for his help. 11. Having been translated long ago, the novel is likely to be re-translated. 12. Having lived in the country for many years, he spoke English without a foreign accent. 13. Not knowing his address, I couldn't visit him. 14. I heard your name being mentioned at the conference. 15. Having been told to wait, she waited. 16. Being asked for her opinion she blushed. 17. Climbing the mountain, he broke his leg. 18. We saw the fire being put out. 19. Not wanting to miss the train, she ran all the way to the station. 20. The conference taking place in Moscow is devoted to the problems of peace and security.

Exercise 8. Read the text and define the forms of the Participle.

People living in Japan have some customs different from ours. For example, we wipe our washed faces with dry towels, they wipe their faces with wet towels. Entering houses our men take off their hats, the Japanese take off their shoes. We give presents when arriving, they leave them when departing. When in morning we wear black, they wear white. We frown when being scolded, they smile. When we say that Japanese are strange people, they could reply, "The same to you".

Exercise 9. Fill in the gaps with Participle 1 or Participle II.

1. The girl ... on the blackboard is our monitor. Everything ... here is quite right, (writing, written) 2. The quality of the goods ... at the plant depends on the skill of the workers ... it. (producing, produced) 3. The house ... by tall trees is very beautiful. The wall ... the house was very high, (surrounding, surrounded) 4. A number of ... wagons with ... goods stood along the platform, (transporting, transported) 5. Our rivers ... by canals form a system of water ways ... many seas of our country, (connecting, connected) 6. Who is that boy ... his homework at the window? The exercises ... by the pupils are easy, (doing, done) 7. The girl ... the floor is my sister. The... floor looked very clean, (washing, washed) 8. The boy ... the article is my friend. The ... article was sent to the scientific journal, (translating, translated) 9. A man ... money is called a robber. The police never found the money ... in the robbery, (stealing, stolen) 10. The man ... the furniture seems to be furious. The window ... in the storm last night has been repaired, (breaking, broken) 11. The girl ... the black dress is Sarah. The dress ... by that girl is out of fashion, (wearing, worn) 12. The firemen tried hard to save the ... building. I don't know v/hat was in the ... letter, (burning, burnt) 13. After hearing the ... tale, the ... children wouldn't go to sleep, (frightening, frightened) 14. Nothing can save the ... ship now. The engineers are making out a plan to lift the ... ship, (sinking, sunk)

Exercise 10. Choose the right form of the Participle.

1. The (breaking/broken) dishes lay on the floor. 2. The (trembling/ trembled) children were given a blanket for warmth. 3. The (interesting/ interested) tennis match caused a great deal of excitement. 4. When James noticed the (burning/burnt) building, he called the fire department immediately. 5. The (smiling/smiled) Mona Lisa is on display in the Louvre in Paris. 6. The (frightening/frightened) woman only wanted to be left alone. 7. Our representative presented the (approving/approved) plan to the public. 8. The (blowing/blown) wind damaged the trees in the garden. 9. We were going to see the movie but our friends told us it was a (boring/bored) movie. 10. The (cleaning/cleaned) shoes were placed in the sun to dry. 11. We found it difficult to get through the (closing/closed) door without a key. 12. As we entered the (crowding/crowded) room, I noticed my cousins. 13. The police towed away the (parking/parked) cars because they were blocking the entrance. 14. The doctor did his best to convince that there was nothing seriously wrong with the boy, but the (worrying/worried) mother wouldn't calm down.