Defining the functions of the participle определение функций причастий в предложении

Для точного перевода причастий необходимо правильно определить их фукцию в предложении.

Причастие II - часть сказуемого или определение?

После глаголов to be и to have причастие II является частью сказуемого: частью формы пассива или перфекта. Типичной ошибкой было бы не обратить внимание на наличие или отсутствие глаголов to be или to have. Например, нередко происходит смешение сочетаний типа:

The engines produced - Двигатели, произведенные (определение)

The engines are produced - Двигатели производятся (часть сказуемого).

Причастие I - часть сказуемого (часть формы Continuous) или нет?

Есть два признака, показывающие, что причастие I является не частью формы Continuous, а определением или обстоятельством:

а) отсутствие перед причастием личной формы to be;

б) наличие в предложении другой личной формы глагола (это может быть даже форма to be, но она не должна быть перед причастием).

Сравните:

1. The man is speaking with him.

2. The man speaking with him looks like Bob.

3. The man speaking with him is Bob.

В примере (1) перед причастием I speaking есть форма глагола to be (is). Следовательно, is speaking является формой Continuous и переводится как разговаривает.

С другой стороны, в примере (2) нет формы to be, а есть личная форма другого глагола (looks). Причастие speaking здесь оказывается определением, и предложение переводится: Человек, разговаривающий с ним, похож на Боба.

Что же касается примера (3), то там личная форма глагола to be есть, но поскольку она стоит не перед причастием, форма Continuous не образуется, и причастие speaking опять выступает в роли определения. 11сревод: Человек, разговаривающий с ним., это Боб.

Причастие II - определение или обстоятельство?

Здесь есть дна разграничительных признака:

а) стоит ли причастие на первом месте (или сразу после союзного слова и/или обстоятельства)? Если да, то причастие чаще всего является обстоятельством. Если нет, то это признак определения;

б) примыкает ли причастие к подлежащему? Если да, то это признак определения, если нет, то это признак обстоятельства.

Например,

(When) asked the question, the student did not know the answer.

Первое место налицо.

Примыкания к подлежащему the student нет.

Вывод: причастие являете яобстоятельством (времени).

Перевод: Когда ему задали вопрос, студент не знал ответа.

The student asked the question did not know the answer. Причастие не на первом месте и примыкает к подлежащему. Вывод: причастие - определение.

Перевод: Студент, которому задали вопрос, не знал ответа.

Причастие I - определение или обстоятельство?

Установить это можно, применив второй из двух признаков, помогающих разграничивать определения и обстоятельства, выраженные причастием II, то есть примыкает ли причастие к подлежащему?

Например:

The student opening the door is Bob, где между подлежащим student и причастием I opening нет других слов. Следовательно, opening определение, а перевод - Студент, открывающий дверь, это Боб.

Opening the door the student said, "Good morning!", где между подлежащим student и причастием opening есть еще три слова the door the: Следовательно, opening - обстоятельство, а перевод - Открывая дверь, студент сказал: "Дo6poe уторо!"

"Good morning!", the student said opening the door, где между подлежащим the student и причастием I opening есть сказуемое said. Следовательно, и здесь opening - обстоятельство. Перевод: "Доброе утро!" - сказал студент, открывая дверь.

Причастие II - компонент независимого оборота или определение?

Есть два признака, которые показывают, что причастие II является компонентом независимого оборота, а не определением. Это наличие

а) второго подлежащего и

б) запятой. Сравните:

The work finished by him, we left, где есть запятая и два подлежащих (we и The work). Следовательно, причастие finished здесь является компонентом независимого оборота. Перевод: Когда работа была им закончена, мы уйти.

The work finished by him was difficult, где нет ни запятой, ни второго подлежащего. Следовательно, причастие finished здесь является определением. Перевод: Работа, законченная им, была трудной.

Причастие I - компонент независимого оборота или определение?

Здесь действуют те же два признака, что и при разграничении причастий II, то есть наличие

а) второго подлежащего и

б) запятой.

Сравните:

1. The student asking questions, we answer them и

2. The student asking questions speaks English.

В примере (1) есть второе подлежащее (we) и запятая, а в примере (2) нет ни того, ни другого. Соответственно, в примере (1) причастие I является компонентом независимого оборота, а в примере (2) -определением. Перевод:

1. Поскольку/Когда студент задает вопросы, мы на них отвечаем.

2. Студент, задающий вопросы, говорит по-английски.

Причастие II - компонент независимого оборота или сложного дополнения?

Есть два признака, которые свидетельствуют о том, что причастие II является компонентом сложного дополнения, а не независимого оборота:

а) подлежащее и глагольное сказуемое данного предложения образуют сочетание, не завершенное по смыслу, и

б) запятая отсутствует. Сравните:

I want the work finished, где сочетание I want (Я хочу) по смыслу не тапершено и нет запятой. Следовательно, причастие finished здесь является компонентом сложного дополнения. Перевод: Я хочу, чтобы работа была окончена.

The work finished, we left, где сочетание we left (мы ушли) более завершено по смыслу, чем I want в предыдущем примере, и есть запятая. Следовательно, причастие finished здесь является компонентом независимого оборота. Перевод: Когда работа была закончена, мы уйти.

Причастие I - компонент независимого оборота или сложного дополнения?

Здесь также действуют те же два признака:

а) подлежащее и глагольное сказуемое данного предложения образуют сочетание, не завершенное по смыслу, и

б) запятая отсутствует.

Сравните:

We heard the student asking questions, где сочетание подлежащего и сказуемого We heard (Мы слышали) по смыслу не завершено и нет запятой (компонент сложного дополнения).

The student asking questions, we waited, где сочетание подлежащего и сказуемого we waited (мы ждали) более завершено по смыслу, чем We heard (в предыдущем примере) и есть запятая (компонент независимого оборота). Перевод: Пока/Так как студент задавал вопросы, мы ждали.

GENERAL REVISION

Exercise 1. Read the following sentences. State the form and function of the Participle. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The patient operated on is still unconscious. 2. The patient operated on yesterday is feeling better now. 3. The patient now being operated on has a weak heart. 4. The students watched their professor operating on the man. 5. They watched the patient being operated on. 6. You must have your husband operated on. 7. The woman was waiting in the reception room, her husband being operated on upstairs. 8. The patient operated on, the surgeon could rest a little. 9, Explained again, the rule became quite clear to everybody. 10. The rule explained, we started doing the exercises. 11. The rule being explained is difficult. 12. The rule explained is difficult. 13. We would like it explained again. 14. If explained, the rule will not seem difficult. 15. Though explained, the rule was still difficult to understand. 16. The man saved was a Norwegian sailor. 17. All the children having been saved, everybody felt relieved. 18. Having saved the child's life, the doctor felt relieved. 19. I want him saved. 20. The passengers are being saved.

Exercise 2. Read the following sentences. State the form and function of the Participle. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The film now being demonstrated in our cinema is much spoken about. 2. The film demonstrated in all the cinemas was worth seeing. 3. The houses being built in our district are said to be comfortable. 4. One of these days they are going to move into the new house built not far from the underground. 5. The snow cleared away only yesterday began to fall again. 6. The snow being cleared away by the machine is very dirty. 7. Reading a novel, he forgot his toothache. 8. Though reading a novel, he saw Mrs. Hobson coming downstairs. 9. Having read the novel, he had a lovely conversation. 10. Having read a novel, he smoked a cigar. 11. Giving that explanation the teacher pointed to the diagram. 12. Having given that explanation the teacher began to ask his students. 13. Returning home I called on my old friend. 14. Having returned home I saw my old friend waiting for me. 15. Writing the report he looked through many books. 16. Having written the report he gave it to his teacher. 17. The question having been settled, the parties signed the contract. 18. Having been offered some interesting work in Africa he went there. 19. Being an actress, she could pretend excellently. 20. With Peter working in Birmingham, and Lucy travelling most of the week, the house seemed pretty empty.

Exercise 3. Use the Participles in the most suitable form.

1. While (arrange) my books in the bookcase, I discovered an old book whose multi-colour cover caught my eye. 2. The books nicely (arrange) on the shelves gave the room quite a different look. 3. "The boy (arrange) books over there is my best student."- said the teacher (point) to a tall young man. 4. (arrange) all the documents, the secretary was able to attend to other matters. 5. (arrange) in alphabetic order in the reference book, the names of different companies are not difficult to look up. 6. This is a letter (address) to you. 7. I like to read books (describe) the life of well-known writers. 8. Did you understand the rules (explain) to us yesterday? 9. The conference (take place) in Moscow is devoted to new trends in management. 10. He heard the clock (strike) seven and knew it was time for him to get up. 11. (leave) a nice sum of money by her parents she decided to leave her job. 12. When (put) to vote, the resolution was turned down. 13. I found the papers (scatter) on the floor. 14. When (write) letters he does not like to be disturbed. 15. (write) in pencil the letter was difficult to make out. 16. (write) long ago the manuscript was illegible. 17. (do) all that was required, he was the last to leave the office. 18. (inform) of their arrival the day before, he was better prepared to meet them than any of us. 19. He felt the bridge (shake) under his feet. 20. Dixon (irritate) by the question said nothing. 21. You should avoid topics (irritate) the sick man. 22. She entered the sitting-room (accompany) by her husband and her father. 23. It is the mam centre of the industries (produce) clothing, food and drink. 24. Iron goods (produce) in Birmingham are of fine quality. 25. And (reach) the conclusion, he gave no further thought to the matter. 26. (present) her ticket to the ticket-agent at the gate, she passed to her first-class carriage. 27.1 had heard it (say) that the cost of keeping a dog is over five pounds a week. 28. I don't want my hair (wash). 29. (take) several photos, I closed my camera. 30. The tune (play) is quite familiar to me.

Exercise 4. Translate what is given in brackets using the appropriate form of the Participle.

I. (Приехав в гостиницу) she found a telegram awaiting her. 2. I waited inside the office (выглядывая из окна). 3. (Рассказав все, что он знал) the witness left the box. 4. She felt (как дрожит ее голос) and tried to control herself. 5. (Возвращаясь домой в прошлый вечер) he had a nasty accident. 6. He wants to write a book (которая бы подытожила) his impressions of the trip. 7. He came back tired and hungry (прождав целый день поезд). 8. She sat down (на упавшее дерево) and began to wait. 9. A new road will soon be built (которая соединит наш район с вокзалом). 10. Only last year (они покрасили весь дом). 11. (Когда его попросили принять участие в этой работе) he agreed at once. 12. Looking out of the window she saw (что в саду работает мужчина). 13. (Вернувшись в свой номер) I opened a book and began to read. 14. He lay there (с закрытыми глазами). 15. Those who stayed outside watched (как самолеты взлетали и садились). 16. (Если позволит погода), the football match will take place on Monday. 17. The red car was upside down (a ее колеса все еще вертелись). 18. (Проработав) in a publishing firm for ten years I know something about books. 19. (После того как его повысили в должности) he began to take more interest in his work. 20. (Поднимаясь no лестнице) Steve searched his pockets for the key. 21. (Опустив монету и подняв трубку) he began to dial the number. 22. They are now at a conference (которая проходит) at the University. 23. At the conference they discussed new methods (применяемые) in building. 24. The new methods (примененные) in the building of houses proved more effective. 25. They decided to abandon some of the methods (применявшихся) formerly in building. 26. The bricklayer (применивший) a new method in building made a report at the conference.

Exercise 5. Choose the right Russian equivalent.

1. Having finished the translation she typed it.

а) заканчивая б) закончив в) законченный

2. The device being tested was invented by Mr. Rock.

а) который испытывают б) испытанный в) испытывая который

3. Having being defeated, the enemy had to retreat.

а) потерпев поражение б) терпя поражение в) терпящий поражение

4. The problem being discussed now is very important, а) обсуждая б) обсуждаемая в) обсужденная

5. Having read many books on the subject, he made an interesting report, а) читая б) прочитав в) читающий

6. The house being built in our street is a new supermarket,

а) строящийся б) построенный в) построив

4. Having been signedЪу both sides the treaty came into force soon,

а) подписавший б) подписанный в) подписав

4. Having refused to accept the invitation he left the office,

а) отказав б) отказывая в) отказавшись

4. Being very tired with his walk, he soon fell asleep,

а) устав б) уставая в) устающий

10. Having packed my things I went to say "Good-bye" to my neighbour,

а) упаковав б) упаковывая в) упаковывающий

10. We didn't like the film being shown to us.

а) показанный б) который показывали в) показывая

12. He couldn't answer the question asked by the examiner,

а) заданный б) задающий в) задавая

12. The door being locked on the inside could not be opened,

а) закрывающаяся б) закрытая в) закрываемая

12. A drowning man catches at a straw.

а) утонувший б) тонущий в) утонув

Exercise 6. Choose the right English equivalent.

1. (Сдав) all the examinations we decided to go on a tour, a) passing b) having passed c) being passed

2. (Когда ему сказали) to stay he refused.

a) telling b) having told c) being told

3. (Закончив) the translation he gave it to the teacher,

a) having finished b) finishing c) being finished

3. (Потеряв) the key I couldn't enter the room,

a) losing b) being lost c) having lost

3. The plant (строящийся) here will produce radio-sets,

a) building b) having been built c) being built

3. (Оставшись) alone I decided to finish my work,

a) leaving b) being left c) having left

3. (Получив) the telegram I hunted to meet my friend,

a) having received b) receiving c) being received

3. The letter (отправленное) today will be received in two days,

a) sending b) being sent c) having sent

3. (Сломанное) by the wind tree was lying on the road,

a) breaking b) having broken c) broken

10. (Позавтракав) she went to the Institute.

a) having breakfast b) having had breakfast

11. She didn't pay any attention to the (звонящий) telephone, a) having rung b) being ringing c) ringing

12. While waiting for a flight at the airport a passenger can have his hair (подстричь).

a) cutting b) cut c) being cut

13. (Будучи) a good-natured man he is always willing to help, a) having been b) being c) when being

14. The path (ведущая) to the house was covered with yellow leaves, a) having led b) being led c) leading

Exercise 7. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use the participial phrases.

1. The top management were all pleased with the results which were achieved at the end of the month. 2. From his essay we learnt about various goods which are produced in Birmingham and the adjoining manufacturing towns. 3. All the people who live in this hostel are students. 4. As we were given dictionaries we managed to translate the article easily. 5. When he arrived at the railway station, he bought a ticket, walked to the platform and boarded the train. 6. I saw that he was looking my way and smiled. 7. She expected that he would be waiting for her at the corner. 8. They found him when he was lying on the floor of his office. 9. If the classes are over by 2 p.m., we shall go boating, 10. Be sure to follow the instruction that are given at the top of the page. 11. People who take books from the library must return them in time. 12. He had no language problems because he had been studying English for a long time. 13. I didn't understand what he said and asked him to repeat his question. 14. She found him in his room, he looked very anxious. 15. Allen refused to take the money (hat was offered to him. 16. Now that we are alone we can talk things over.

Exercise 8. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to uses the participial phrases.

1. She looked at me and smiled in recognition. 2. The crime that had been committed in the town excited the popular interest. 3. The phone that was ringing for the second time interrupted his thoughts. 4. He was touched by the friendly greeting and smiled back warmly. 5. He felt his heart was beating hard. 6. When his temperature was taken, it became obvious that he was running a high fever. 7. As he bad had some practical training he coped with the job better than we expected. 8. The conclusion which is presented in that book states that most of the automobiles which are produced by American industry have some defect. 9. The student who is being asked by the teacher is Bill Green. 10. As there is no refrigerator in my flat, I can't buy much food. 11. As she did not know whether he had seen her brother or not, she did not know how to answer his question. 12. Tennis is one of the most popular games in England which is played all the year round. 13. She watched how Joe was waving farewell to his friends. 14. When Mary returned home she found that a telephone had been installed in their flat. 15.1 heard that his name had been mentioned several times during the conversation. 16. As he didn't know the way to the bank very well he stopped to ask people who were passing by.

Exercise 9. Complete the sentences. Use the words below. Choose a present participle or a past participle.