4. As London lies in the basin of the Thames it can be reached from the sea.

What lies in the basin of the Thames? What can be reached from the sea?

5. After the Romans have lauded in Britain they founded a military station.

Who landed in Britain?

Who founded a military station?

6. After the Romans had landed in Britain many military stations arose on the banks of the Thames.

Who landed in Britain?

What arose on the banks of the Thames?

Exercise 2. Analyse the following two sentences and say whether the Participle is part of a participial phrase or of a nominal absolute participial construction. When analysing the sentences answer the following questions:

1. Где стоит личная форма глагола: до запятой или после нее? Выпишите подлежащее и сказуемое.

2. Какую глагольную форму содержит первая часть предложения?

3. Есть ли в первой части существительное, по отношению к которому причастие может играть роль сказуемого?

4. Где находится причастие: перед существительным или после существ ител ьного?

5. Какой оборот образует причастие: зависимый или независимый? Выпишите его.

6. Какую функцию выполняет этот оборот в предложении?

7. Переведите предложение.

1. My colleague being away, I had to make the decision myself.

2. Having devoted much time to the problem, the scientist got the desired result.

Exercise 3. Read the following sentences. State whether the Participle is part of a participial phrase or of a nominal absolute participial construction. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Having no skyscrapers and big industries Washington looks like a provincial town. 2. There being no other traffic on the road, we drove rather fast. 3. The moon being bright, we could see the road well. 4. Dividing Britain from the continent, the English Channel forms the southern border of England. 5. London and Moscow have different climates, the average temperature being higher in London than in Moscow. 6. The American continent has a large area stretching from the North Pole to the 50th parallel. 7. The window being shut and curtained, no fresh air and light could pass freely into the room. 8. Steel being used widely in industry and construction, its production is constantly increasing. 9. The Behring Strait dividing Asia from America forms a natural border between Russia and the USA. 10. Being skilled road builders the Romans started laying roads across Britain. 11. The book being written in simple English, it is quite suitable for beginners. 12. The Civil War unions, representing more than a half-million government workers, demanded a 15 per cent pay raise. 13. The weather being nasty, he had no wish to go out. 14. Opening a new session of Parliament, the Queen made a speech. 15. All the money having been spent, we started looking for work. 16. Wishing to get to the theatre in time, we took a taxi.

Exercise 4. Read the following sentences. Point out the nominal absolute participial construction. Define its function and translate the sentences into Russian.A.

1. My mother having fallen ill, 1 couldn't go to the concert. 2. My task finished, I went home. 3. His speech being very interesting, the audience applauded. 4. His speech finished, the audience applauded. 5. He continued speaking, his colleagues listening attentively. 6. Newspapers being a big business, the views of newspaper owners are the views of Big Business. 7. The participants came from ten countries, with Britain being represented by Professor Arthur Thornton. 8. The conference over, he returned to the office. 9. The preparations completed, we started off. 10. It being difficult to settle the matter, we decided to meet again on the following day. 11. England being a constitutional monarchy, the Queen of England is only a formal ruler. 12. Nobody being there, 1 went away. 13. The novel completed, I was able to take a month's holiday. 14. It being Sunday, everyone went out of town. 15. Our child being ill, we couldn't go to the theatre. 16. The letter having come too late, I cannot do anything now.

В.

1. This question settled, the meeting went on again. 2. The last train having gone, we had to walk home. 3. Weather permitting, the football match will take place on Wednesday. 4. The proposal being unconstitutional, the committee rejected it. 5. There being little time, they had to hurry. 6. He stood aside, with his hands in his pockets, watching her. 7. Time permitting, they will discuss the matter tomorrow. 8. All the questions having been settled, we went to have lunch. 9. The letter written, he gave it to the secretary to type. 10. The girl went into the garden, the dog running after her. 11. This being done, they left the office. 12. The film being very popular, it was difficult to get tickets. 13. It being Sunday, the shops were closed. 14. The Ministry of Finance predicted a 3 % rise in prices, with unemployment increasing slightly in the next few months. 15. My brother having taken the key, I couldn't enter the house. 16. Breakfast over, he rose and went into his study.

Exercise 6. Substitute the nominal absolute participial construction for the Russian clauses.

1. (Так как не было никаких возражений) the plan was adopted. 2. (Когда двери и окна были закрыты) he sat down to enjioy his favourite TV show: 3. (Так как телефон был отключен) she had to send somebody to the manager's office. 4. (Когда решение было принято) nothing could make her give it up. 5. He fell asleep (окно осталось открытым). 6. (Было уже холодно) the summer residents began to leave their country houses. 7. (Когда гости разъехались) the house became quiet again. 8. (Так как было слишком рано) we had to wait. 9. (Когда поезд проходил мимо станции) they saw a crowd of people trying to get on. 10. We continued our discussion (причем ораторов постоянно прерывали вопросами). 11. Не put on his dark glasses (так как солнце светило очень ярко). 12. (После того как он зарегистрировал свой багаж), he went to the waiting lounge. 13. (Так как ночь была темная и туманная) we missed the right turning and had to go back. 14. (Поскольку дело обстоит таким образом) we have nothing to wait for.

Exercise 7. Translate into English using the nominative absolute participial construction.

1. Когда письмо было написано, Джейн отнесла его на почту. 2. Оставалось еще полчаса до отхода поезда, и мы решили поужинать на вокзале. 3. Нам придется сойти на следующей станции, так как здесь не останавливаются пассажирские поезда. 4. Солнце село. Начало быстро темнеть. 5. Так как было тепло, мы пошли гулять. 6. Радио было изобретено в 1895 году, причем изобретатель был русским ученым. 7. Когда конференция закончилась, делегация совершила поездку по стране. 8. В Лондоне много музеев, и самый большой из них - Британский музей. 9. Когда все приготовления были закончены, туристы сели в автобус. 10. Было очень темно, так как на небе не было ни одной звездочки. 11. Когда солнце село, туристы развели костер. 12. Когда собрание закончилось, начался концерт. 13. Так как наша библиотека покупает все новые книги, нам не нужно покупать их самим. 14. Когда преподаватель пришел, мы принялись за раброту. 15. У Англии мало природных ресурсов, и большая часть сырья ввозится из других стран. 16. Он мчался на большой скорости, и полицейская машина продолжала следовать за ним. 17. За докладом последовало обсуждение, причем в нем приняли участие не только участники конференции, но и иностранные гости. 18. Старик попытался встать, а молодой человек помогал ему.