- •1) Phonetics as a science:
- •2)Experimental phonetics: Methods of investigation (The direct observation method; The experimental method; The distributional method; The semantic method).
- •3)The aspects of speech sounds.
- •4)Physical properties of sounds.
- •5)The organs of speech and their functions: Active and passive organs of speech; The articulatory mechanism and its work.
- •6)Articulatory and physiological classification of English vowels in the works of Soviet, British and American phoneticians.
- •7)Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants in the works of Soviet, British and American phoneticians.
- •8)Segmental and suprasegmental phonemes: The definition of the phoneme; The aspects of the phoneme; The functions of the phoneme.
- •9) Phonemes and Allophones: The principal allophone; The subsidiary allophones (types); Distinctive and non-distinctive features of phonemes; The invariant of the phoneme.
- •10)Connected speech: Lexical and function words; Strong and weak forms; Neutralization; Assimilation (types); Dissimilation; Accommodation; Elision; Intrusion; Linking (Fillers).
- •11)Syllable: Definition; Parts of syllable; Types and functions of syllables; The structure of the syllable.
- •12)The principal theories of syllable formation and syllable division.
- •13)The accentual structure of English words: Word stress (its types and functions); Sentence stress; Degrees of word stress; The factors that determine the degree and the place of stress.
- •15) Transcription and transliteration. Types of transcription.
- •16)Phonostylistics: The components of extralinguistic situation; The factors which result in phonostylistic varieties.
- •17)Intonation: Definition; The components of intonation and their functions.
- •18)The methods for recording intonation patterns in writing and advantages and disadvantages of these methods.
- •19)The most important nuclear tones in English. Simple and complex tones. High and low falling tones. The types of scales in English.
- •20) The most important elements in the pitch-and-stress pattern of an intonation group (An intonation pattern; The characteristics of an intonation group).
- •21)The pitch and sentence stress components of intonation and their graphical representation on the staves or in the line of text itself.
- •22) Territorial Varieties of English pronunciation. The orthoepic norm. The national language of England. Literary English. Rp and ga.
- •23)Spread of English.
- •24)English-based pronunciation standards of English.
- •25)American - based pronunciation standards of English.
23)Spread of English.
Over 300 million people speak English as 1st language. It is the national language of GB, USA,Australia, Canada, New Zeland.English was originally spoken in Eng and Scotland. Than it was introduced to the greater part of Scotland and Southern Ireland. In the 17th -18th cent it was brought to Northern America. Later in 18th – 19th cent Eng was exported to Australia, New Zealand, South Africa owing to colonial expansion. A flow of emigrants who went to invade, explore, inhabit those lands was mostly from Southern parts of Eng. The Eng language became wide-spread in Wales at the same time Welsh Eng is very similar to southern Eng, although the influence of Welsh has played a role information. Then in 20th cent American Eng began to spread in Canada, Latin America, Bermudas and other parts of the world. Nowadays 2 types of Eng are spoken in the Eng-speaking world. They are : 1. Eng-Eng (based group) – English English, Welsh Eng, Australian Eng, New Zealand Eng. 2. American –Eng (based group) – United states Eng, Canadian Eng.
24)English-based pronunciation standards of English.
Roughly speaking the non-RP accents of England may be groups into South and North dialects. The main differences between them are:
In vowels: presence or absence of particular phonemes:
a)[^]- doesn’t occur in north accents [bl^d]-S, [blvd]-N
Have u: instead of v [bu:k]book
b) in N: [aa] instead of [a:] before [f, th, s] and cons clusters beginning [n] [m]
path [pa:th]-S, [path]-N
in S [a:] instead of [aa] bad [baad] –RP,[ba:d]-S
c) final [i:]: N: [i] [siti], S [i:] [siti:]
In consonants:
1.rhotic/non-rhotic accents (r-full/r-less). If it is written the sound is post-vocalic (Scotland, Ireland, s-w England)
2. glottal stop. In most regional accents it is more widely used than in RP, esp n-e of Engl, East Anglia, Nothern Ireland, the glottal stop may be pronounced simultaneously with voiceless [ptk], esp between vowels
3. use [n] in –ing instead of [ng] – in western central area of England- Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool –pronounce [ng]
4. j-dropping. In most accents is dropped after [t,sh]- student. In parts of north even after [th]- enthusiasm. In large areas of Eastern England [j] is lost after every cons, esp in London.
Southern English accents.
Educated southern speech is very much near RP accent, whereas non-standard accents are very near Cockney- the sp of working class areas of the Great London.
Vowels: 1. [^]→aai blood [bl^d- blaaid]. 2. [aa]→e/ei bag [beig]. 3. [i] in word final position [i:] [siti:]. 4. [ei]→[aai]/[ai] lady [laaidi:]. 5. RP[ev] soaked [saaukt]
Consonants: 1. [h] in unstressed is almost abscent. 2. Glottal stop is widely spread. 3. [th]=[f] thin [fin]. 4. In word final posit [ng]=[n] dancing [da:nsin]. 5. [ptk] are heavily aspirated.
Scottish English. The status of Scottish English is still debated. Some linguists say it’s a national variant, some- dialect. Educated Scottish people speak a form of Scottish Standard English that grammatically and lexically is not different from Eng (RP) although with Scottish accent.