- •1) Phonetics as a science:
- •2)Experimental phonetics: Methods of investigation (The direct observation method; The experimental method; The distributional method; The semantic method).
- •3)The aspects of speech sounds.
- •4)Physical properties of sounds.
- •5)The organs of speech and their functions: Active and passive organs of speech; The articulatory mechanism and its work.
- •6)Articulatory and physiological classification of English vowels in the works of Soviet, British and American phoneticians.
- •7)Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants in the works of Soviet, British and American phoneticians.
- •8)Segmental and suprasegmental phonemes: The definition of the phoneme; The aspects of the phoneme; The functions of the phoneme.
- •9) Phonemes and Allophones: The principal allophone; The subsidiary allophones (types); Distinctive and non-distinctive features of phonemes; The invariant of the phoneme.
- •10)Connected speech: Lexical and function words; Strong and weak forms; Neutralization; Assimilation (types); Dissimilation; Accommodation; Elision; Intrusion; Linking (Fillers).
- •11)Syllable: Definition; Parts of syllable; Types and functions of syllables; The structure of the syllable.
- •12)The principal theories of syllable formation and syllable division.
- •13)The accentual structure of English words: Word stress (its types and functions); Sentence stress; Degrees of word stress; The factors that determine the degree and the place of stress.
- •15) Transcription and transliteration. Types of transcription.
- •16)Phonostylistics: The components of extralinguistic situation; The factors which result in phonostylistic varieties.
- •17)Intonation: Definition; The components of intonation and their functions.
- •18)The methods for recording intonation patterns in writing and advantages and disadvantages of these methods.
- •19)The most important nuclear tones in English. Simple and complex tones. High and low falling tones. The types of scales in English.
- •20) The most important elements in the pitch-and-stress pattern of an intonation group (An intonation pattern; The characteristics of an intonation group).
- •21)The pitch and sentence stress components of intonation and their graphical representation on the staves or in the line of text itself.
- •22) Territorial Varieties of English pronunciation. The orthoepic norm. The national language of England. Literary English. Rp and ga.
- •23)Spread of English.
- •24)English-based pronunciation standards of English.
- •25)American - based pronunciation standards of English.
19)The most important nuclear tones in English. Simple and complex tones. High and low falling tones. The types of scales in English.
The most important element in the pitch-and-stress pattern of an intonation is a nuclear tone-marked change of pitch that occurs on the final stressed syllable. The nucleous may be followed by the tail – one or more unstressed or partially stressed syllables.=>there are 2 variants of terminal tone : the nuclear variant (no tail) and nuclear-postnuclear variant(with tail). In word sentences we can observe the valence of tone : yes?yes!yes. – nuclear variant. Certainly.Always – nuclear-postnuclear variant, because one syllable is stressed, other remain unstressed.
- -for stressed syllable · - unstressed syllable
Terminal tone may be preceded by scale- series of stressed and unstressed syllables that may be pitched variously starting from the first stressed syllable – the head of the scale. The head may be preceded by more unstressed syllables - pre-head. The elements of the terminal tone: 1.nuclear element, 2.scale, 3.head of the scale, 4.pre-head.
The most important nuclear tones in English are: simple and complex tones. Simple tone –the pitch moves in one direction only. Complex tone – the pitch changes in more than one direction.
Two main forms of pitch change are: fall and rise. The falling tones carry a sense of completion and finality and are categorical in character. The rising tones carry a sense of incompletion and are non-categorical in character.
Simple tones: Attitudes from neutral to grim,cool,phlegmatic.
Low Fall ︡ the voice starts at a medium pitch level or a little below and falls to a low pitch level. (no, thank you.)
High Fall ︡ wide and narrow. Wide – the voice starts from the high pitch level and falls to the bottom of the voice range. Indicates friendly interest, personal involvement and mild surprise. Narrow – the voice starts high and stops at the medium pitch. Is less categorical and final in character.
Low Rise ︣ the voice starts low and rises to a medium pitch. Expresses non-finality. It implies perfunctory attitude.
High Rise ︣ wide and narrow. Wide – the voice starts at the low pitch and rises to a high pitch. Expresses surprise and shocked reaction. Narrow – the voice starts at a medium pitch and rises to a high one. Is an interrogating tone.
Complex tones :
Rise-fall - the voice 1st rises from a fairly low to a high pitch level and then quickly falls to a very low pitch level. It is final and categoric in character.
Fall-rise – the voice 1st falls from a high or medium pitch level. Expr – politeness, apology, uncertainty.
Rise-fall-Rise - the voice starts from a low pitch, reaches a high level and then falls to a low pitch and then rises a little below. Expr enthusiasm and optimism.
Types of scales. 1. Acc to general pitch direction: descending↓, ascending↑, level →; 2. Acc to the direction of pitch movement within and between syll: stepping _.- ; sliding; scanden. 3. Acc to the pitch level of the whole scale which is determined by the position of the highest pitch point: low, mid, high.
Descending stepping scale- the commonest scale, is formed by a series of stressed and unstressed syll-s, in which the pitch descends the steps( -._ ) –high descending stepping scale.
Descending sliding scale is formed by the descending series of stressed syll pronounced with downward slide. If there are no any unstressed syll between stressed syll each is pitched a little lower.
Descending scanden scale is formed by descending series of syll pronounced with pitch rise within stressed syll. Each of unstressed syll is pitched a little higher than the preceding.
Ascend is formed by an ascending series of syll in which each stressed syll is pitched a little higher than the preceding one. The unstressed syll between them rise gradually. Surprise, interest.
Ascending sliding scale is formed by ascending series in which each stressed syll is pronounced with the slide while each of the unstressed syll is pitched a little lower than the end of the preceding.
Ascending scanden scale is formed by ascending series of syll-s in which each syll is pronounced with the rise, unstressed a little higher.
Level scale. Stressed/unstressed syll pronounced on the same pitch level.