Pharmacology

Task 1 Study the following words and word combinations:

Abstinence — абстиненція, утримання

Addiction - наркоманія

Admissible — допустимий

Admixture - домішка

Ampoule - ампула

Ash - попіл

Assay - перевірка, аналіз Barbiturate - барбітурат Dispensation — видавання Dissolve - розчиняти Ether — ефір

Floriferous - квітконосний

Habit-forming - той, що спричиняє звикання

Foliferous - листоносний

Hallucinogen - галюциноген

Hemp - коноплі

Herbaceous - рослинний

Ingest - ковтати

Maceration - вимочування

Milestone — віха

Mucilage — слиз

Ointment - мазь

Percolation - просочування, фільтрування

Period of validity — термін придатності

Petrolatum - вазелін

Portion - доза ліків (отрути)

То presage - передбачати, передчувати

Pubescence — дозрівання

Purge - очищення

Pyrogen - засіб, що підвищує температуру Rectification - очищення Resin - смола, каніфоль Rhizome - кореневище

Rubber cap - гумовий ковпачок Stem - стебло

Stoneware — керамічні вироби Storax - стиракс, ефір Suppository - свічка Thyme — чебрець Venation - нервація, жилкування Withdrawal — припинення вживання Wool fat — ланолін Wormwood— полин гіркий

Task 2 Read the sentences with new words and translate them into Ukrainian:

Scope - сфера діяльності, предмет вивчення

The scope of surgery is operative treatment of physical injuries and

tumors.

Poisonous effect — отруйна дія

The overdosage of some drags may have poisonous effect on the organism.

Alleviate — полегшувати, пом'якшувати

Drugs are used to alleviate pain and tenderness.

Preservation — зберігання, консервування

The period of preservation of blood depends on many factors.

Dispense — готувати (ліки)

The pharmacist's duty is to dispense drugs. He is responsible for properly dispensing the preparations in finished forms.

Task 3 Form new words adding the prefix over-. Define the parts of speech and translate:

Model: dosage - overdosage— передозування

use, come, crowding, eating, weight, do, sleep, work, handling

Task 4 Analyze the structure of the following terms:

pharmacal, pharmaceutical, pharmaceutist, pharmacist, pharmacology, pharmacy

Task 5 Match the following English word combinations with the Ukrainian ones:

1. poisonous effect

2. sterile solution

3. foreign substance

4. applied science

5. liquid preparation

1. стороннє тіло

2. стерильний розчин

3. прикладна наука

4. рідкий препарат

5. отруйна дія

Task 6 Find substitutes for the following word combinations:

1 a substance producing injury

a) pharmacodynamics

to an organism by its chemical

action

2. the study of poisons

3. the science of dosage

4. the study of drugs

5. the study of drug action on

2. posology

3. toxicology

4. pharmacology

5. poison

the living organism Task 7 Read and comprehend the text:

I The road to modern pharmacology is marked by such milestones as the isolation of potent active principles from medicinal plants, the appearance of synthetic drugs, the discovery of vaccination and inoculation, the establishment of chemotherapeutical agents, the breakthrough achieved by antibiotics and the most up-to-date methods of laboratory testing and clinical trials that go into the screening, production, distribution and promotion of new drugs.

^ Plant constituents of medical importance from an extremely diverse group of chemical compounds showing great variation in solubility and stability. The problems involved in the drying, storage, and extraction of plant materials make for the following classification of plant constituents: fatty acids, fixed oils, fats and waxes, phenols, tannins, proteins, alkaloids, carbohydrates

glycosides, gums, mucilages and pectins, volatile oils, resins and coloring matters. Even in the age of synthetic drugs, herbs have been able to keep their place in pharmacy. Under "herbs" are meant the dried overground parts of herbaceous plants consisting of floriferous stems, seeds, rhizomes and /or roots.

^ Determined in dry herbs is the color, odour at trituration, character of leaf venation, and pubescence of various parts of the plant. Quantitative data to be determined in herbs include: moisture content, total ash and ash insoluble in 10 per cent hydrochloric acid, size and admissible admixtures, and amount of active constituents.

i, Drug forms. Drugs are ingested or applied in the shape of pills, tablets, capsules, powder, potions, purges, ointments, sprays, suppositories or injections - which again may be hypodermic, intravenous or intramuscular.

The tablet is the most common form of medication for the administering of drugs in a dry state. A tablet meant for making solutions will be required to dissolve as quickly as possible; tablets which are to be dissolved slowly in the mouth should be flat for the user's convenience and thick enough to have a lasting effect. Similarly, tablets that have to be coated after compression must have a deep convex shape and be harder than other tablets.

_a Ointments are soft, semisolid preparations intended to be applied externally to the body or to mucous membranes. Judged on the merit of their penetration rate, ointment bases have been placed into three classes: epidermic and endodermic and diadermic. Until recently, ointments were packaged in glass, stoneware, porcelain, polyethylene or plastic. Of late, however, the use of aerosol containers has been preferred.

i Suppositories have been defined as conveniently shaped medicated solids intended for insertion into one of the body orifices other than the oral cavity (rectum, vagina, or urethra). Suppositories can be classified according to the method of manufacture: tabletted or compressed powder suppositories and moulded suppositories.

! Extracts of alkaloids are usually prepared by maceration or percolation of the powdered drug with aqueous alcohol. To obtain fixed oils, fats and waxes from oily seeds, the method of

decorticating is used first. All volatile oils are extracted by distillation, sometimes, if necessary, followed by the process of rectification.

6 Drug addiction. A number of drugs, some of them as old as alcohol, opium or nicotine, some of them later arrivals (barbiturates, cocaine, marihuana, or hallucinogens) have the adverse effect of being habit-forming, i.e. leading to addiction. Habitual drug-takers are referred to as addicts. Addiction itself - as opposed to habit - is defined as uncontrollable craving for the drug, characterized by increasing tolerance to it, physical dependence on the drug and harmful effects on the taker's personality as well as on society. Physical dependence implies that the drug has become an integral part of some modified chemical process in the nervous system. This altered chemical balance is disturbed when the drug is stepped, with unpleasant and even dangerous withdrawal symptoms. This kind of physical illness is called abstinence syndrome. Cocaine, Indian hemp, amphetamine all lead to psychic rather than physical depen­dence in susceptible subjects, but are dangerous all the same in that they do cause various degrees of mental derangement.

Task 8 Answer the following questions on the text:

1. How is modern drug therapy defined?

2. Why was the appearance of synthetic drugs so important?

3. What is the idea of clinical trials of drugs?

4. What does the term "chemotherapy" imply?

5. What is the drug constituent?

6. Name at least six common drug constituents.

7. What substances are used to test the quality of drug constituents?

8. What is the aim of a pharmacological assay?

9. What is meant by the term "mode of dispensation"?

10. What is the term used to indicate the date, by which a drug will have expired and become unusable?

11. What are medicinal herbs by definition?

12. Which are the two different meanings of trituration?

1. What does the term "total ash" stand for?

2. How are drugs employed?

3. In what ways are infections given?

4. Which is the most common form of medication?

5. What requirements must a tablet meet?

6. How are ointments applied?

7. How is the penetration rate defined?

8. What is the principle of aerosol ointment containers?

9. How are suppositories classified and applied to the body?

10. What is the difference between fixed and volatile oils?

11. What is the idea of maceration?

12. What is the difference between narcotics and hallucinogens?

13. What does the term "abstinence syndrome" mean in clinical practice?

14. What is the difference between physical and psychic dependence on drugs and why are both dangerous?

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