The neck

13 gastroenteritis m) containing too much liquid

Task 15 Form sentences of your own:

keep on a diet to get dehydrated sloppy diet

seriously obstructed breathing poorly developed muscles

Task 16 Translate into English:

1. Розвиток педіатрії як науки почався в IX столітті.

2. Недоношеною вважається дитина, маса тіла якої при народженні становить менше ніж 2,5 кг.

3. Розщеплене піднебіння, заяча губа, клишоногість - це уроджені вади. Деяки з них можна виправити хірургічно.

4. Гастроентерит особливо небезпечний для немовлят, оскільки вони мають обмежені резерви води та їх організм може швидко зневоднитися внаслідок блювання та діареї.

5. Кір спричиняється вірусом і характеризується гарячкою, висипкою, катаром слизовою оболонки та підвищеною чутливістю до вторинних бактеріальних інфекцій.

6. Скарлатина — гостре інфекційне захворювання, яке характеризується болеем у горлі, гарячкою та висипом яскраво-червоного кольору. Це захворювання може призводити до важких ускладнень.

7. Рахіт виникає внаслідок дефіциту вітаміну D у дітей раннього віку.

8. Щеплення є ефективним засобом боротьби з багатьма важкими захворюваннями.

ONCOLOGY

Task 1 Read and learn the following words and word combinations: Tumor - пухлина

The nature of tumors is still unknown. Neoplasm - новоутворення Neoplasms are the kind of tumors. Benign — доброякісний

Carcinogenic agents sometimes produce benign neoplasms. Malignant - злоякісний

Malignant tumors may arise secondarily on the soil of a benign tumor.

Cancer — рак

Cancer is a malignant tumor which arises from epithelial cells. Aetiology - етіологія

The aetiology of cancer is still unknown. Cigarette smoking plays a

major part in the aetiology of lung cancer.

Connective tissue — сполучна тканина

A malignant tumor is made up of connective tissue enclosing

epithelial cells.

Metastasis - метастаз

Metastases may occur in different parts of the organ. Susceptibility — схильність, сприйнятливість Susceptibility to cancer increases with age.

Task 2 Analyze the structure of the following terms: histopathological, cytoplastic, neoplastic, hydrocarbon, laryngectomy, cancerlike, cancerism, cancerous, carcinogenic, metastasize, metastable, metastatic

Task 3 Form adjectives adding the suffixes -ent and -ant Translate the words:

Model: existence - existent

Importance - important malignancy, dominance, difference, inheritance, importance, significance, independence, frequency

Task 5 Read and comprehend the text "Cancer ":

The problem of cancer is being discussed in innumerable papers from all parts of the world because cancer still continues to be the first among human diseases. Many investigators and physicians of all continents carry on extensive research work to find out the aetiology of cancer and its successful treatment.

The term "cancer" was first used by Gallen (231 -201), a famous Roman physician who had described the disease of a mammary gland under this term.

Cancer or carcinoma, as it is often called, is a malignant tumor which arises from the epithelial cells. A tumor is a mass of new tissue which grows independently from its surrounding structures. A malignant tumor is made up of connective tissue enclosing epithelial cells. Some tumors remain localized, others rapidly invade healthy tissue and metastasize leading to early death. The incidence of carcinomas comprises 90% of all malignant tumors, the rest are sarcomas. The symptoms being vague or absent at an early stage, cancer is a very dangerous disease for life.

There are considerable variations of opinion regarding the development of cancer, but the final concept concerning all forms of cancer, except certain types, is still unknown. The development of certain types is connected with the so called carcinogenic (causing cancer) substances and rays. It has been proved that cancer may develop due to contact with certain chemical substances J such as

aromatic amines, chromic acids, arsenic acids, anilines and others. Cigarette smoking plays a major part in the aetiology of lung cancer. 96% of patients with lung cancer were heavy cigarette smokers. Certain viruses are also considered to be carcinogenic. Recently it has been shown that some types of viruses may develop carcinoma. These findings have been confirmed in experiments on animals.

The distribution of different types of cancer vary geographically. The incidence of lung cancer is much higher among Europeans. In non-European countries we find quite different distribution. In South Africa, for example, 50% of all types of cancer comprise carcinomas of the liver, while in Europe liver-cell carcinomas comprise only 1%. The high frequency of liver cancers in certain tropical countries could be related to the incidence of viral diseases of the liver in the same countries. Many investigators suggest that viral hepatitis could represent a precancerous disease.

The age significantly affects the incidence of cancer. Susceptibility to cancer increases with age. The most important thing in the prognosis of patients with carcinoma is the grade of malignancy, and, therefore, the sooner the diagnosis is made, the better the prognosis. Each type of cancer is curable if it is timely recognized and proper treatment is administered.

Task 6 Skim through the text and define its main idea. Task 7 Answer the following questions to the text:

1. What disease continues to be the most dangerous among human diseases?

1. What is the attention of many investigators attracted by?

2. Who was the term "cancer" used first by?

3. What kind of disease is cancer?

4. What is a malignant tumor made up of?

5. What do metastases lead to?

2. What is the final concept concerning the aetiology of lung cancer?

6. What carcinogenic substances do you know?

7. What plays a major part in the aetiology of lung cancer?

8. How does the distribution of different types of cancer vary?

Task 8 Find the English equivalents of the following word

combinations in the text:

широке дослідження, етіологія раку, успішне лікування, здорова тканина, сполучна тканина, вірусний гепатит, передраковий стан, правильне обстеження

Task 9 Write all the names of carcinogenic substances out of the text and learn them.

Task 10 Choose the right answer to the question:

1 Where does cancer arise from?

1. from the healthy tissue

2. from the epithelial cells

3. from the surrounding structures

4. from the connective tissue

5. from the adjacent tissues

2 What plays a major part in the aetiology of lung cancer?

1. drinking hot liquid

2. exposure to dust

3. cigarette smoking

3 Among whom is lung cancer higher?

1. among Africans

2. among Asians

3. among Europeans

Task 11 Read and comprehend the "Reports of Cases. " Discuss the

cases:

Case 1 A 5-month-old boy was admitted because of a smooth, soft, nonmovable mass that occupied almost the entire right upper quadrant. Blood chemistries and roentgenograms of the chest revealed normal results. A transfemoral aortogram showed stretching and bowing of the intrahepatic arterial branches but no tumor blush. The diagnosis then was either metastatic or primary tumor in the right lobe of the liver; the left lobe was not adequately evaluated.

Through a thoracoabdominal incision, a cyst 4 to 5 cm in diameter was dissected from almost exactly between the two lobes of

the liver. Part of its bed was lined with the obliterated branches of the ambilical vein. The ran surface was closed with chromic catgut and the operation site drained. Except for some pulmonary problems, the postoperative course of the patient was uneventful.

The cyst measured 9.5 cm in diameter, and its wall was 2 to 3 cm thick. The cyst contained a clear yellow cavity itself, was triloculated by broad bands of fibrous tissues. The histologic appearance of the encapsulated tumor was a hap-hazard arrangement of four elements: irregular mass of normal appearing hepatic cells without definite architecture; cysts of various size filled with lined flattened epithelium; areas of young cellular connective tissue; and dense areas of mature fibrous tissue occasionally containing bile.

Case 2 A 34-year-old white male was admitted to the University of Michigan Medical Center after an excision four months earlier at another hospital of what was thought to be a lipoma of the right buttock. On transfer here, he was toxic, febrile, 102 degrees F., and had signs of recent weight loss. He had constant pain in the right hip.

Examination of the right buttock showed it to be enormously enlarged, tender and fluctuant. A foul smelling, reddish brown purulent discharge exuded from an old drain site. There was marked limitation of extension and of flexion of the right hip.

Results of liver function tests, roentgenograms of the chest and films and scans of the bones, including the pelvis and long bones were normal.

The previous operation and the extensive malignant lesion of the buttock made hemipelvectomy the procedure of choice. The presently described technique using an anteriorly based flap for hemipelvectomy evolved from the need to cover a large defect of the posterior part of the buttock.

Prior to discharge, chemotherapy was initiated, and he was fitted with a Canadian prosthesis and was ambulating well. Three months postoperatively, he was noted to have a pulmonary metastasis. At nine months postoperatively, he remains alive but with known recurrent pulmonary disease.