The first layer of Latin borrowings in Old English

Area	Latin	Meaning	OE	Mod E
Trade	vinum	wine	wīn	wine
	caupones	tavern keeper	cēар ‘deal’	cheap
			cēapian ‘buy’
	moneta	coin	mynet ‘coin’	mint
	pond о	(in) weight	pund	pound
	uncia	the 12th part,	ynсе	inch
		ounce
Household	cista	box	cist	chest
utensils	caseus	cheese	cīese	cheese
	catillus	bowl	cytel	kettle
	discus	disc	disc	dish
	coquina	kitchen	cycene	kitchen
	molina	mill	myln	mill
Agricultural	pirum	pear	pere	pear
products	prunum	plum	plume	plum
	pisum beta	pea beet	pēse bēte	pea beet
	piper	pepper	piper	pepper
	menta	mint	mint	mint
	planta	plant	plante	plant
Constructions	strata via	paved road	stræt	street
	vallum	bar, enclosure	weall	wall
	castra	camp	ceaster	(Lan)caster
				(Glou)cester
				(Man)chester
	portus	harbour	port	port

Words connected with trade indicate general concepts, units of measurements and articles of trade unknown to the Teutons before they came into contact with Rome: OE cēapian 'to trade', cēap 'deal', cēартап 'trader', and manian 'to trade', тапип 'trading', таnеrе 'trader' came from the Latin names for 'merchant' – caupo and mango.

Evidently, the words were soon assimilated by the language as they yielded many derivatives.

Units of measurement and containers were adopted with their Lat­in names: OE pund ‘pound’, OE ynce ‘inch’ < L pondo and uncia, OE mynet 'coin', mynetian 'to coin', OE flasce ‘flask’, ciest ‘chest’.

The following words denote articles of trade and agricultural prod­ucts, introduced by the Romans: OE wīn ‘wine’ < L vinum, OE butere ‘butter’ < L būtyrum, OE plume ‘plum’ < L prumus, OE ciese ‘cheese’ < L cāseus, OE pipor ‘pepper’ < L piper.

Roman contribution to building can be perceived in words like OE cealc ‘chalk’, tiele ‘tile’, coper ‘copper’. A group of words relating to domestic life is exemplified by OE cytel ‘kettle’, disc ‘dish’, cuppe ‘cup’, pyle ‘pillow’, etc.

Borrowings pertaining to military affairs are OE mil ‘mile’ < L millia passuum, which meant ‘a thousand steps made to measure the distance’; OE weall ‘wall’ < L vallum, a wall of fortifications erected in the Roman provinces; OE stræt < Latin strata via, a "paved road" (these "paved roads" were laid to connect Roman military camps and colonies in Britain; the meaning of the word changed when houses began to be built along these roads, hence Mod E street); to this group of words belong also OE pil 'javelin', OE pytt ‘рile, pit’.

Among the Latin loan-words adopted in Britain were some place-names or components of place-names used by the Celts. L castra in the shape caster, ceaster 'camp' formed OE place-names which survive today as Chester, Dorchester, Lancaster and the like (some of them with the first element coming from Celtic); L colonia ‘settlement for retired soldiers’ is found in Colchester and in the Latin-Celtic hubrid Lincoln; L vicus ‘village’ appears in Norwich, Woolwich, L portus – in Bridport and Devenport. Place-names made of Latin and Germanic components are: Portsmouth, Greenport, Greenwich and many others.

2) The second layer of Latin borrowings includes words pertaining to religion and education. At the end of the 6^th c. and the beginning of the 7^th c. a considerable number of notions connected with the spread of Christianity entered everyday life of the British tribes. Many Latin words denoting those notions were borrowed into the English of that period.

Below is the table for these borrowings classified in accordance with the areas they referred to.

Table 6.4