9. Translate the following sentences. State the functions of the gerunds and verbal nouns in the sentences.

1.Drinking water is a prime necessity for plants and animals. 2. Water may be changed into ice by freezing. 3. Although the atmosphere is very useful to us, it also prevents us from finding out many things about the universe. 4. Looking at the universe through the atmosphere is like looking through a distorting lens covered with mist. 5. Studying small structures is accomplished with the help of a microscope. 6. Scientists began working at a problem of magnifying power of microscopes more than 200 years ago. 7. There are two general reasons why man has tried to make synthetic materials instead of being satisfied with the materials provided by nature. 8. The breathing of impure air produces immediate and very marked ill effects on the body.

10. State whether the word in bold type is a gerund or a participle and translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Growing is a natural process of a living organism. Growing plants need water and nutrients. 2. Experimenting is a scientific method. Every experimenting scientist works in a laboratory.3. One of the chemical processes is burning. Every burning thing produces smoke. 4. Melting begins with warm weather. The melting snow flows down from the roofs through a pipe. 5. Using a beam of electrons in place of the usual beam of light solved the problem of studying microorganisms. Using a beam of electrons in place of the usual beam of light scientists could solve the problem of studying microorganisms. 6. Changing the volume of a substance changes its density. Changing the temperature of the solution we either speed up or slow down the reaction. 7. The freezing point of water is 0 degrees C. Freezing water loses its properties of a liquid. 8. Scientists began working at the problem of magnifying the power of microscopes more than 200 years ago. The students were speaking to the lab assistant working in the laboratory. 9. The engineer carrying out the investigation works in our laboratory. Carrying out this experiment is impossible without special equipment. 10. Cooling following heating gave good results.

11. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.

1. One of the most important reasons for man’s progress in understanding and controlling his environment is his ability to communicate knowledge to the next generation. 2. The Earth has several major parts that play a role in sustaining life. 3. By recycling paper, the amount of trash is significantly cut down. 4. He had to leave without having finished his report. 5. The chemicals had disturbed the balance of nature by killing not only the pests but also their natural predators. 6. Nature is remarkably resilient and can restore itself to an original condition after being exposed to an outside disturbance that is not too drastic.

12. Replace the clauses by gerundial constructions according to the model:

Model: A. We know that the professor has written a book and is writing another one. (of) B. We know of the professor having written a book and writing another one.

1. Everybody was surprised that the time-table had been changed. (at). 2. Every person hates it when he is interrupted. 3. We shall discuss this plan before we begin our work. 4. We have heard that you work on this problem. (of). 5. There is no chance that they will come to see us tonight. (of). 6. There is a possibility that he will be sent to this conference. (of).