24. Неопределенные местоимения

Some и any сочетаются с ис­числяемыми и неисчисляемыми существительными.

Some boys don't dancing.

There is some water on the floor.

Some и его производные ис­пользуется в утвердительных предложениях.

I have got something in my bag.

Any и его производные исполь­зуется в вопросительных и от­рицательных предложениях.

Have you got anything in your bag?

I haven't got anything in my bag.

Some и его производные ис­пользуются в вопросительных предложениях — просьбах и предложениях.

Would you like some more cof­fee?

Could I have some more fish, please?

Any и его производные ис­пользуется в утвердительных предложениях:

• в значении любой, всякий

• после if

• со словами hardly, never, without, seldom, rarely.

You can take anything you want.

If anyone asks for me, tell them.

I have left.

I hardly go anywhere these days.

someone / somebody, anyone / anybody — местоимения един­ственного числа, но часто со­гласуются со словами they / them / their

Someone has left their bag here.

No сочетается с исчисляемы­ми и неисчисляемыми суще­ствительными.

No news is good news.

There are no plates on the table.

No и его производные ис­пользуются с глаголом в ут­вердительной форме.

There is nothing we can do now.

Nobody has come.

Nobody — местоимение един­ственного числа, но часто со­гласуется со словами they / them / their

Nobody phoned, did they?

No и его производные = not + any / anything / anybody

They have got no car. = They haven't got any can

None — самостоятельное ме­стоимение. Используйте его без существительного!

How much free time have you got? — I have got none.

Сочетание None of+существи

None of the cakes were OK.

тельное во множественном чис-

ле чаще согласуется с глаголом

во множественном числе.

One / ones — слово-замени­тель исчисляемого существи­тельного во избежание по­вторения.

I like all your films but the first one (film) is the best.

I don't' like my new trousers, I like my old ones.

One обозначает любого чело­века в предложениях, носящих обобщенный характер.

One should work hard.

One must be very careful walk­ing in the dark.

The one — тот самый, един­ственный

Which woman? — The one at the table.

Some of... / most of... / none of... + the/ this/ that/ these/ those / my / her / Mary's

Some of the books I have read were Spanish. None of those books were translated. Most of my mother's books were boring.

Some of... / most of... / none of... + местоимение. Of здесь обязательно!

Do any of you like such mu­sic? — None of us. Some of us. Most of us.

All + .... (все...) и everybody

(каждый)

Everybody (каждый) has co­me. — All (of) my friends (все мои друзья) have come.

Аll + .... и everything

He does everything (all) he can. He knows everything. He knows all about it / all that happened yesterday / all you need.

Все, что я видел / знаю / слы­шал....в значении единствен­ное, что я...

All I have seen is his shadow.

All we have eaten was a sand­wich.

Запомните выражения:

Weall = all of us

You all = all of you

They all = all of them

You must all remember it. = All of you must remember it.

They all live here. = All of them live here.

После all нельзя использовать

of + существительное!

После all можно использовать of + the / this / that / these / those / my / her / Mary's.

All + местоимение. Of здесь обязательно!

All frogs are reptiles.

All (of) my frogs live in this gar­den pond. All (of) the frogs are red.

Don't touch my frogs! All of them are poisonous!

Both / both of, neither / neither of, either / either of использу­ются, когда мы говорим о двух предметах или лицах. Мож­но использовать both, neither, either без существительного.

Both girls are witty, (обе де­вочки)

Neither girl is witty, (ни одна из девочек)

You can talk to either girl. (любая из двух девочек) Would you like an apple or a peach? — Both, (и то и другое) Neither, (ни то, ни другое) Ei­ther, (либо то, либо другое)

Both shops = both of the shops, neither shop = neither of the shops, either shop = either of the

shops

Обратите внимание на the и множественное чис­ло существительного!

Both my brothers are out now.

= Both of my brothers are out

now.

But neither brother is at work.

= But neither of my brothers is

(are) ay work.

После neither of ... возможен глагол в единственном и во множественном числе.

После both + существитель­ное необязательно использо­вать of!

Both my friends are French. =

Both of my friends are French.

Both of, neither of, either of + местоимение (us /you / them). Обязательно используйте of!

Both of them were exhausted.

Both... and... /neither... nor... / either... or...

Обратите внимание на единственное число глагола после neither... nor.../ either... or...!

Both Tom and Bill are my

cousins.

Neither Tom nor Bill is my

brother.

Either Tom or Bill is coming

soon.

neither / either / both

(два лица или предмета)

any / none / all

(больше чем два лица

или предмета)

There are two good Chinese res­taurants in my town. You can en­joy your meals at either of them (любом из них). But both of them (они оба) are always full. Neither of them (ни один из них) is cheap.

There are many good Chinese restaurants in my town. You can enjoy your meals at any of them (любом из них). But all of them (все одни) are always full. None of them (ни один из них) is cheap.

Present Simple

Present Continuous

1) обычное, повторяющееся действие

1) процесс, происходящий на наших глазах

I go to school. — Я хожу в школу.

I am going to school. — Я иду в школу.

2) временный процесс, про­исходящий в данный ограни­ченный период времени

I am learning Japanese this year. — В этом году я учу японский язык.

Часто используются слова usually, always, often, every day

(week, month, year, Sunday...) и другими, которые всегда сто­ят перед смысловым глаго­лом или в конце предложе­ния, но после глагола to be:

Часто используются слова now (сейчас), at the moment (в настоящий момент), которые стоят в начале или в конце предложения:

We always wash hand before

meals.

The pupils have English every day.

He is usually hungry after school.

We are having lunch now. The children are playing com­puter games at the moment.

I dance well.

You / We / They dance well.

He / She / It dances well.

I am smiling.

You / We / They are smiling.

He / She is smiling.

I do not (don't) play tennis.

You / We / They do not (don't) play tennis.

He / She / It does not (doesn't) play tennis.

I am not crying.

You / We / They are not crying.

He / She / It is not crying

Does he read newspapers? — Yes, he does / No, he doesn't. You grow roses in your garden, don't you? — Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

Are you washing up? — Yes, I am. / No, I'm not. Is he dancing? — Yes, he is. / No, he isn't.