Different Washingtons

As you walk along the streets of the USA's capital, you will see different cities within the city. There is a Washington of politics and lobbyists. Its inhabitants move from the Capitol to House and Senate office buildings nearby, down Pennsylvania Avenue to the White House, to the cocktail lounge of the Mayflower Hotel for a conference with a V.I.P. (very im­portant person), then by taxicab swiftly back to the Capitol.

There is a Washington of government girls. It is centred at office buildings on Constitution Avenue or 15th Street, and is dedicated to the "great god paperwork". It is a Washington of hurried lunches in soda-fountains, of packed trolley cars, of bus rides to house developments across the Potomac River in Arlington, of Sunday afternoons at the zoo adjoining Rock Creek Park. There is a Washington of "Society" in George­town and along Massachusetts Avenue.

The newspaper man's Washington is a composite of all these cities. Hundreds of reporters are continually visiting the Capitol and White House, the court-rooms, the offices of department heads, the national headquarters of labour unions and business associations, the social haunts of "People Who Know" ("haunt" is an Americanism for a place which one often visits). Washington has a beautiful setting and an atrocious climate. It has a fine collection of first-rate minds as can be found in the United States, but lacks a first-rate secular university. It is a place where big money is made, but it is not a centre of commerce and industry.

UNIT 12

TAPESCRIPT 12A

Instruction conducted at colleges and universities

In the USA instruction is provided by the members of the faculty by the lecture method and informal discus­sions. The aim is to develop in students logical thinking, creativity, curiosity and imagination. Computers are being increasingly used everywhere: in libraries, laboratories for facilitating research and data processing. A distinc­tive feature of recent decades at American colleges and universities is the growing number of graduate students who are involved in research projects.

The official name of an institution does not necessarily indicate the level of teaching it provides. Some schools designated “universities” do not provide courses beyond those leading to the Bachelor's degree, while others called “colleges” offer programmes leading to the PhD and enjoy great prestige.

Universities and colleges in the USA differ greatly in the quality of teaching, enrollment and prestige. The largest campuses are the University of California (UC) with its nine campuses, the City University of New York (CUNY), Michigan State University and others. But there are universities to which the term “leading” may be applied. These are Chicago, Harvard, Illinois, MIT, Princeton, Stanford, Yale and some others. These universities are esteemed according to the amount of research done in them, which is to a great extent budgeted by the Federal Govern­ment. In recent decades federal money has become a major factor in the total performance of many universities. Such schools are usually referred to as research universities. It is considered very prestigious to go to Graduate School at such a university. Ranking just below the “leading” universities are universities where scientists and scholars of international renown are also to be found but not in such dense clusters as at Harvard, Berkeley or MIT. In the minor universities there is a limited number of able professors who can guide a graduate student in doing research for his thesis. This does not mean, however, that first-rate scien­tists are to be found only in the leading universities.

The American system of higher education consists actually of three stages: stage one – junior and community colleges with a two-year training, but this stage is usually bypassed; stage two – Liberal Arts Colleges and Undergraduate Schools of colleges and universities providing a four-year training and awarding the Bachelor's degree, and stage three – Graduate Schools of universities and colleges awarding the Master's degree and the PhD. That is where the researchers are trained.

TAPESCRIPT 12B