Unite 2

There are four types of questions:

General question – when we put the question to the whole sentence.

Is he here now?

Are they reading the book?

Does she like to study English?

Did you go to the seaside?

Have you done your homework?

Were they in the cinema yesterday?

Alternative question – when we doubt about something.

Do you like coffee or tea?

Are you a student or a pupil?

Is he at school or at home?

Has she got a car or a bus/

Did he visit his aunt or his uncle?

Special question – when we put the questions with the special words.

Where do you live?

What did he do yesterday?

Why have you done it?

When has he come?

Tag questions – we express also doubt.

He is here, isn’t he?

You are a student, aren’t you?

They went to the Crimea mountains, didn’t they?

She was not there, was she?

They don’t go in for sport, do they?

He has done the exercise, has he?

Exercise

Put all types of questions to the following sentences.

1. They have a hamster as a pet.

2. Sonia has a new apartment in New York.

3. Tigers eat other animals.

4. We are angry with him about that.

5. My dog never barks at night.

Unite 3

Before you read

Discuss these questions with your partner.

-Do you have any idea where the word economics comes from?

-Do you know the names of any famous economists from the past or anything about their ideas?

A Vocabulary

Complete each sentence with a word or phrase from the box

abundance concept consumer

firm Industrial Revolution population

precious metals production process scarcity

profit raw materials satisfaction

1. The…………began in the late 18^th century, when machines started to replace human workers.

2. Sand and limestone are the………..needed to make glass.

3. The…………to make a car involves many people and machines.

4. The extra money a company makes is called………… .

5. People want………….from the products they buy.

6. …………… is when there is very little of something.

7. …………… is when there is lots of something.

8. Gold and silver are examples of…………… .

9. Another word for idea is…………… .

10. The…………….is the number of people a country has.

11. A business or company is sometimes called a…………….

12. When we buy things or use services we are a ………… .

Reading

History of economic thought

Economic thought goes back thousands of years. The ancient Greek, Xenophon, used the word oikonomikos (from oikos, meaning family, household, estate, and nomos, for usage, law). He was talking about skilful or clever ways to manage land and households. We could call many of Aristotel's political writings economics, although he didn’t use the word. The English word economics first appeared in the 19^th century – two and a half thousand years after Xenophon.

Early economic thought was all about the meaning of wealth or being reach. Those early thinkers asked, what makes a state or a country wealthy? For nearly 2000 years, the answer was very simple: gold. A country or nation's wealth depended on its owning precious metals. This simple view of the economy remained until medieval times.

During medieval times – roughly the period between 1100 and 1500 AD, trading between nations grew, and a new social class appeared. These were merchants, people who made their money through the buying and selling of goods, and they began to write their own thoughts on the economy. They saw the economy as a way to make the state strong. For them, the nation's wealth depended on stocks of gold and the size of the population. More people meant bigger armies and a stronger state.

These were still simple ideas. However, daily experience had also taught people many basic economic concepts. For example, they understood the importance of trade with other states. They realized that scarcity makes things more expensive and abundance makes them cheaper.

Modern economics was really born in the 19^th century. At this time, thinkers like Adam Smith wrote down ideas that are still important today. Adam Smith is often called the Father of Modern Economics, although the science was called political economy then. Smith realized that a nation's wealth depended on its ability to produce goods. The value of these goods depended on the cost of production. The cost of production depended on the cost of workers, raw materials and land. This was really the first example of macroeconomics.

Smith and other classical economists were writing at a time of great change. The industrial revolution had begun. Paper money began to replace precious metals. The middle classes were growing stronger. Economists' theories echoed these changes. They wrote about the division of labour (each worker taking their part in the production process). They discussed the problems of population growth. They influenced thinking about social classes.

For classical economists, the value of goods depends on the cost of production. However, the price of goods is not always the same as their real cost. Later economists developed new theories to explain this weakness in classical economics. These are known as the neoclassical economists and they were writing at the end of the 19^th and early 20^th centuries.

In neoclassical economics, supply and demand make the economy work. In other words, the price of goods depends on how much people want them and how easily they can be found. Consumers want satisfaction from their resources (time and money). Firms want profit. In neoclassical economics, this is the basic relationship in the economy. These ideas are still the basis of economic thinking today.

Comprehension

Now read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false.

1. Aristotle did not use the word economics, but he did write about economic ideas. T__F__

2. Early economists thought that a nation without gold was poor. T__F__

3. People in medieval times didn’t understand anything about economics T__F__

4. In classical economics, the value of something was measured in gold. T__F__

5. Economists later found a problem with the classical model. T__F__

6.In neoclassical economics, supply and demand control price. T__F__

Before you listen

Look at this fact file about Adam Smith. Can you fill in any of the information?

Born in Scotland in (1)……………

Lost his father at the age of (2)…………….

Kidnapped at the age of (3)……………

Went to University of Glasgow at the age of (4)…………….

Went to Oxford University at the age of (5)………………

Most famous book is The Wealth of (6)…………….

Influenced Karl Marx and the founding fathers of (7)…………….

Listening

Now listen and complete the information about Adam Smith's life.

Grammar: the Present Continuous

To be (am is are) + V ing

We use the Present Continuous to say that the action is happening at the time of speaking.

Please, don’t make so much noise. I am working.

Where is Ruth? She is having a lesson.

Hello, Jane. Are you enjoying the party?

We use the Present Continuous to say that the action is happening in a period around now.

Are you working this week? No, I’m on holiday.

You are working hard today. Yes, I have a lot to do.

We use the Present Continuous to talk about changes happening around now.

The population of China is rising very fast.

Your English is getting better.

We use the Present Continuous with always when smb. means that you do smth. very often, more often than normal or reasonable.

You are always going to bed very late. You should have a rest more.

He’s got a bad mark again. Not again. He is always getting them.

We use the Present Continuous with be to say how smb. is behaving at this moment.

Why are you being so lazy today? I’m very tired.

The Present Continuous is not normally used with the following verbs:

Like, love, hate, want, need, prefer, know, realize, suppose, mean, understand, believe, remember, belong, contain, consist, own, depend, seem, recognize, see, hear, wish, feel, have, desire, think, hope, smell, taste, the Present Simple is used instead.

He owns a big house in the USA.

The country consists of 51 states.

Now I understand you.

She believes nobody.

I still remember this man.

Exercises

Complete the sentences with one of the following verbs in the correct form.

come get happen look make start stay try work

1. You re working... hard today.' 'Yes, I have a lot to do.

2. I…………….. for Christine. Do you know where she is?

3. It…………….dark. Shall I turn on the light?

4. They haven't got anywhere to live at the moment.

5. They……….. with friends until they find somewhere.

6. Are you ready, Ann?' 'Yes, I .'

7. Have you got an umbrella? It to rain.

8. You a lot of noise. Could you be quieter? I to concentrate.

9. Why are all these people here? What ?

Use the words in brackets to complete the questions.

1. 'Is Colin working... this week?' 'No, he's on holiday.' (Colin/work)

2. Why . at me like that? What's the matter? (you/look)

3. 'Jenny is a student at university.' 'Is she? What ?' (she/study)

4. .. to the radio or can I turn it off? (anybody/listen)

5. How is your English? better? (it/get)

Put the verb into the correct form. Sometimes you need the negative (I'm not doing etc.).

1. I'm tired. I .'m going... (go) to bed now. Goodnight!

2. We can go out now. It isn't raining... (rain) any more.

3. 'How is your new job?' 'Not so good at the moment. I (enjoy) it very much.'

4. Catherine phoned me last night. She's on holiday in France. She (have) a great time and doesn't want to come back.

5. I want to lose weight, so this week I (eat) lunch.

6. Angela has just started evening classes. She (learn) German.

7. I think Paul and Ann have had an argument. They (speak) to each other.

Read this conversation between Brian and Sarah. Put the verbs into the correct form.

SARAH: Brian! How nice to see you! What (l) (you/do) these days?

BRIAN: I (2) (train) to be a supermarket manager.

SARAH: Really? What's it like? (3) I (you/enjoy) it?

BRIAN: It's all right. What about you?

SARAH: Well, actually I (4) (not/work) at the moment.

I (5) (try) to find a job but it's not easy.

But I'm very busy. I (6) (decorate).my flat.

BRIAN: (7) (you/do) it alone?

SARAH: No, some friends of mine (8) (help) me.

Complete the sentences using one of these verbs:

get change rise fall increase You don't have to use all the verbs and you can use a verb more than once.

1. The population of the world ...is rising... very fast.

2. Ken is still ill but he ., better slowly.

3. The world Things never stay the same.

4. The cost of living,. ,. Every year things are more expensive.

5. The economic situation is already very bad and it…………..worse.

Unit 4

Before you read

Discuss the following with your partner.

-Do you know much about economics?

-Think which of these statements you think are true:

-Then explain to your partner why.

1. Economics is only the study of money

2. Economics is something governments take care of.

3. An economist basically decides how money is spent.

A Vocabulary

Match the words with the definitions:

1. budget A the people who control a country and make laws

2. business B information

3. convenience C company that sells goods or services

4. data D easiness

5. demand E the amount of money you have for something

6. government F how much people want something

7. inflation G the number of people without work

8. resources H something such as money, workers or minerals

belonging to an organization, country etc which

can be used to function property

9. trade-off I rising prices

10. unemployment J giving away something in exchange for smth

Reading 1