Vocabulary

represent представлять

story этаж

top manager высший менеджер (руководитель)

middle manager менеджер среднего звена

first-line manager менеджер первого (низшего) звена

executive исполнитель

guide зд. руководить

overall activities зд. общая, вся деятельность

constitute составлять

develop разрабатывать

determine определять

rank зд. положение, ранг

title зд. положение, должность

chief executive officer (CEO) главный исполнительный директор

member член

board совет директоров, правление

implement осуществлять, реализовать

major policy основная политика

hand down зд. разрабатывать, исходить (из), спускать

operating procedure порядок работы, производственный процесс

supervise зд. руководить, осуществлять контроль

activities деятельность

division manager руководитель подразделения

department head начальник отдела

plant manager директор завода

productions procedure зд. производственная деятельность

operations manager директор производства, управляющий

solve решать

operating employee работник-исполнитель

former бывший, прежний

owing (to) благодаря, вследствие

promote продвигать по службе

office manager руководитель отдела

supervisor зд. инспектор, начальник

foreman мастер, бригадир

project manager руководитель проекта

labour труд

common общий, зд. обычный, традиционный

responsible ответственный

accounting бухгалтерский учет

basic training основное обучение

create создавать

convert преобразовывать

equate ассоциировать, отождествлять

technique зд. метод

apply (to) зд. относиться (к)

customer покупатель, клиент, заказчик (постоянный)

sale продажа, сбыт, реализация

distribution распределение, зд. распространение

be in charge (of) заведовать, быть ответственным

engage (in) заниматься

design зд. разрабатывать

hire нанимать (на работу)

train обучать

apprise оценивать

performance зд. деятельность, исполнение

general manager генеральный директор

ensure обеспечивать

regulations постановления, зд. положения законодательства

concern касаться, относиться (к)

employment найм, занятость

provide зд. снабжать, обеспечивать

overall общий

instead вместо

Management is based on scientific theories and today we can say that it is a developing science.

Depending on its size, an organization may employ a number of specialized managers who are responsible for particular areas of management. A very large organization may employ many managers, each responsible for activities of one management area. In contrast, the owner of a sole proprietorship may be the only manager in the organization. He or she is responsible for all levels and areas of management.

In other words, management is the process of coordinating the resources of an organization to achieve the primary organizational goals.

Managers are concerned with the following main resources:

Material resources

Human resources

Financial resources

Informational resources

Organizational goals

Each organization can be represented as a three-story structure or a pyramid. Each story corresponds to one of the three general levels of management: top managers, middle managers, and first-line managers.

A top manager is an upper-level executive who guides and controls the overall activities of the organization. Top managers constitute a small group. They are generally responsible for the organization's planning and developing its mission. They also determine the firm's strategy and its major policies. It takes years of hard work as well as talent and good luck to reach the ranks of top managers. They are director, vice director, chief executive officer, and members of the Board.

A middle manager is a manager who implements the strategy and major policies handed down from the top level of the organization. Middle managers develop tactical plans, policies, and standard operating procedures, and they coordinate and supervise the activities of first-line managers. Titles at the middle-management level include division manager, department head, plant manager and operations manager.

A first-line manager is a manager who coordinates and supervises the activities of operating employees. First-line managers spend most of their time working with employees, answering questions, and solving day-to-day problems. Most first-line managers are former operating employees who, owing to their hard work and potential, were promoted into management. Many of today's middle and top managers began their careers on this first management level. Common titles for first-line managers include office manager, supervisor, foreman and project manager.

The most common areas of management are finance, operations, marketing, human resources, administration and so on.

A financial manager is primarily responsible for the organization's financial resources. Accounting and investment are specialized areas within financial management. Because financing affects the operation of the entire firm, many of the managers of the largest companies are people who got their "basic training" as financial managers.

An operations manager creates and manages the systems that convert resources into goods and services. Traditionally, operations management is equated with the production of goods. However, in recent years many of the techniques and procedures of operations management have been applied to the production of services and to a variety of nonbusiness activities. Like financial management, operations management has produced a good percentage of today's company managers.

A marketing manager is responsible for the exchange of products between the organization and its customers or clients. Specific areas within marketing are marketing research, advertising, promotion, sales, and distribution.

A human resources manager is in charge of the organization's human resources programs. He or she engages in human resources planning, design systems for hiring, training, and appraising the performance of employees, and ensures that the organization follows government regulations concerning employment practices.

An administrative manager (also called a general manager) is not associated with any specific functional area but provides overall administrative leadership. A hospital administrator is a good example of an administrative manager. He or she does not specialize in operations, finance, marketing, or human resources management but instead coordinates the activities of specialized managers in all these areas.

Accounting shows a financial picture of the firm. An accounting department records and measures the activity of a business. It reports on the effects of the transactions on the firm's financial condition. Accounting records give very important data. It's used by management, stockholders, creditors, independent analysts, banks and government.

Accountants are to determine the ways in which the business may grow in future. No expansion or reorganization is planned without the help of the accountant. New products and advertising campaigns are also prepared with the help of the accountant.

Chief accountants of the company are involved in the control of the financial or business side. The job isn't the most popular one. It's a complicated job and there are no fewer than six divisions in this department to cope with it

Book-keepers deal in taxes, cash flow, sales, purchases and different business transactions of the company. Book-keepers first record all the appropriate figures in the books of original entry or journals.

Looking for a Job

Leaving school is a major event in every young person's life. It's a time of new freedoms and opportunities. It is also a time to make decisions of a sort that have never been faced before and to accept new responsibilities. After the relatively protected environment of school, the "real world" can be quite a shock.

In these hard times, school-leavers have one of these choices.

1. Go to a University or to a college for further education. They do this not just to be educated but to increase their chances in the lottery of employment. There are such colleges in most towns. Students are able to study in different ways, including full-time, part-time, during the day, evening only or block release.

2. Find a job (which may or may not include some part-time study paid for by the employer).

3. Go on a government training scheme for the young unemployed (these were introduced in America in the late seventies and were known first as the Youth Opportunity Programmer (YOP) and later as the Youth Training Scheme (YTS).

Some will do none of these things but be unemployed. In this case they have to look for jobs.

Looking for a job is a full-time occupation in itself, so it's important to get yourself self-assessed. Look at yourself realistically, at your experience, your strengths and weaknesses, likes and dislikes and decide. What you are good at, not so good at, what sort of things you want to do and can do. Use all possible sources to help you get careers advice: employment agency; job center; private employment agencies both specialist and general; national and local newspapers; professional or trade newspapers and journals (use the library); applications to possible employers; local radio stations; friends and relatives.

If you feel you like the job being advertised or being offered to you make an application.

The aim of your application is to get you an interview; the aim of interview is to get the job.

An employment application is useful in collecting factual information on a candidate’s education, work experience, and personal history. The first thing to do then is to draw up a personal information chart or curriculum vitae (CV). Many job candidates submit resumes to employers, and some firms require them. A resume is a short summary of the candidate’s background and qualifications. It includes a description of the type of job the applicant is seeking. A resume may be submitted along with an employment application. In Britain a resume is often referred to as a curriculum vitae (CV). This should contain clearly separated sections, setting out:

- personal detail - full name, address, phone number, date of birth, marital status;

- your work experience, beginning with your present job and working

backwards, give the dates for each post held, the organizations you worked for, a brief description of your responsibilities, and a list of your achievements in each.

- your educational background – the schools and colleges you went to (with dates) and the examinations you passed. Mention any professional qualifications that you have, and any professional associations you belong to;

- details of any training;

- finally, add any personal particularities which are relevant (foreign languages, voluntary work, interest and so on).

If you apply by letter remember the rules:

- first impressions are important;

- write clearly and neatly on good notepaper, unlined if possible;

- check for spelling mistakes;

- describe your qualification and your experience clearly;

- address the letter and the envelope clearly.

Many of the jobs that are advertised in newspapers give a telephone number for applicants to ring.

Interviews. The employment interview is the most widely used selection technique. Job candidates are usually interviewed by at least one member of the HRM(Human Resource Management) staff and by the person for whom they will be working. Interviews provide an opportunity for the firm and the applicant to learn more about each other. Interviewers can ask different questions to learn something about the candidate’s attitude to the job and motivation.