I Vocabulary

1. prominent – известный, выдающийся

2. to coin – создавать (новые слова, выражения)

3. to insist on – настаивать на

4. cohesion – сплоченность

5. density – плотность

6. to maintain – поддерживать

7. to persist – 1) упорствовать; 2) сохраняться, продолжать существовать

8. division – разделение;

9. to divide – разделять

10. disruption – 1) разрушение; 2) распад

11. to restore – 1) восстанавливать(ся)

12. value – ценность

13. to provide – обеспечивать

14. consequences – (по)следствия

II Comprehension check

1. What important figures in early social thought did France contribute?

2. Why is Comte called the father of modern sociology?

3. What did Comte insist on?

4. What was Durkheim interested in?

5. What tradition did Durkheim contribute to?

6. How do functionalists analyze society?

7. What methods of sociological research did Durkheim focus attention on? What is he remembered for?

8. What can be studied as indicator of society’s evolution?

9. Does societal evolution depend on individuals?

10. How do individuals interact in a society?

11. What societies are characterized by mechanical solidarity?

12. What societies produce organic solidarity?

13. What happens when the social order is disrupted

a) in societies with mechanical solidarity?

b) in societies with organic solidarity?

14. What does the division of labor provide?

15. What did Durkheim call social solidarity?

16. What was his stress on?

III Match the verb on the left with the correct definition on the right

to coin	to make smth exist that didn’t exist before
to insist	to make sure that someone gets what they need, esp. by giving it to them
to create	to invent a new word or expression, esp. one that many people start to use
to develop	to make smth continue in the same way or at the same high standards as before
to maintain	to include smth as a necessary part or result
to occur	to make smth return to its former level or condition
to involve	to say firmly that smth is true, esp. when other people think it may not be true
to require	to happen (formal)
to restore	to grow or change into amore advanced state
to provide	1) to need smth.; 2) to officially demand that people do smth, because of a law or rule

IV Translate from Russian into English

1. Рождение социологии связано с именем французского ученого Огюста Конта.

2. Огюст Конт первым поставил вопрос о создании науки об обществе.

3. Термин «социология» был введен Огюстом Контом в середине 19 века.

4. Конт считал основным фактором общественного развития духовное и умственное совершенствование человека.

5. Творчество Эмиля Дюркгейма утвердило социологию как научную дисциплину.

6. Дюркгейм формулирует собственный социологический метод в своей работе «Метод Социологии».

7. Дюркгейм называет две формы социальной солидарности: механическую и органическую.

8. По Дюркгейму уровень развития общества определяется характером разделения труда.

9. Разделение труда понимается не только как экономическое, но и как социальное явление.

10. В обществе с механической солидарностью индивид поглощается коллективом.

11. Человеческая индивидуальность возможна только в обществе с органической солидарностью.

Text 2

Herbert Spenser

Herbert Spenser (1820 – 1903) was the most prominent early sociologist writing in English to claim that there should be a science of society, just as there is a science of nature. Spenser’s social thought rejected arrangements that were incompatible with the unfolding Industrial Revolution. Industrial leaders viewed the first generation of factory workers in the same way (Spenser 1972). His ideas were compatible with the interest of industrial capitalists; Andrew Carnegie was one of his admirers. Unlike Marx he didn’t view society from the perspective of the exploited and disinherited.

In nature, progress moves from the simple to the complex; from homogeneity in structure to heterogeneity in structure. According to Spenser, the “more advanced” human races developed larger brains.

Spenser borrowed and modified ideas from biology and perhaps is best-known for applying survival of the fittest, a phrase he coined to human culture and society.

Throughout his life Spenser remained wedded to what came to be the discredited ideas of Lamarckian evolution. Chevalier Lamarck (1744 – 1829) was a French naturalist, who believed that acquired characteristics could be inherited. Spenser also thought that acquired characteristics such as changes, occurring in human culture, were biologically transmitted to the next generation. Spenser remains significant for important ideas he contributed in the early history of sociology, such as structure, function system and equilibrium.