I Vocabulary

1. society – общество

2. to comprehend – понимать

3. to ponder – обдумывать, взвешивать, размышлять (on, upon, over)

4. to occur – случаться, происходить

5. to encompass – окружать, заключать

6. to endure – длиться, продолжаться

7. decay – разложение, упадок

8. to respond – отвечать

9. sufficient – достаточный

10. to emerge – вставать, возникать (о вопросе)

11. to reject – отвергать

12. to emphasize – подчеркивать, акцентировать

13. intentionally – намеренно

14. observation – наблюдение; to observe – наблюдать

15. awareness – осознание; to be aware of – осознавать

16. to extend – расширять

17. insight – 1) интуиция; 2) понимание

18. to contribute – делать вклад (в науку и т.п. to); contributor – содействующий, помощник

II Comprehension check

1. What have people attempted to understand from early in recorded history?

2. What philosophers pondered the nature of society?

3. When and where did sociology begin?

4. What was its rise associated with?

5. What were Sociology’s early founders interested in?

6. What does sociology focus on?

7. Why did people in eighteenth-century Europe reject traditional theological explanations for the social changes in the society?

8. What did physical sciences help us to understand?

9. What did the first sociologists try to explain?

10. What is studied as the sociology of knowledge itself?

11. How can we view social theories?

12. What influences the way people view the world?

III Look through the texts again and find the words that mean:

1. Knowledge about the world especially based on physical examination and testing and on facts that can be proved.

2. People in general considered in relations to the structure of laws, organizations that makes it possible for them to live together

3. The situation, place or physical matter from which something begins.

4. Knowledge or understanding of a particular subject or situation.

5. Someone’s idea of how something is or should be done.

6. The ability to understand and realize what people or situation are really like.

7. Someone who gives ideas to something, that a lot of people are also involved in.

IV Translate from Russian into English:

1. Термин «социология» происходит от латинского «societas» – «общество» и греческого «logos» – «учение», обозначая «учение об обществе».

2. Объектом социологии является общество.

3. Предмет социологии – это социальная жизнь общества.

4. В сравнении с математикой, физикой и химией законы социологии носят вероятностный характер. Они могут произойти или не произойти, т.к. полностью зависят от воли и действий людей.

5. Ключевым понятием социологии является взаимоизменение.

6. Роль социологии возрастает в кризисных ситуациях, когда важно учесть общественное мнение.

V Communicative practice

1. Is sociology a science? If yes, why is it different from other sciences?

2. Why is it important to study sociology for any specialist?

3. Is sociology in great demand today? Why?

4. Would you like to work as a sociologist today? In what country? Why?

Unit II

The most prominent sociologists

France contributed many important figures in the development of early social thought. These include Saint-Simon (1760 – 1825) and Auguste Comte (1798 – 1857). Comte is often called the father of modern sociology – he coined the term Sociology. He insisted that the new science of society must be empirical and the new knowledge created should be used to improve society. One of the most important contributors to the development of modern sociology was also from France, Emile Durkheim.

Text 1

Emile Durkheim (1858 – 1917)

Emile Durkheim used ideas and metaphors taken from biology to frame his understanding of society. He was interested in the cohesion of society, how rules develop and how societies change as they grow in population density.

Durkheim contributed to the tradition now called functionalism. Functionalists analyze items in a society in terms of what they do to maintain to social order. Durkheim is important as a person who focused attention on methods of sociological research. He is remembered for his study of the historical evolution of law and how changes in the type of legal systems could be studied as indicators of society’s evolution.

Societal evolution occurs independently of any individual. Individuals interact in a society through the use of common language and by sharing common values. Laws persist over generations and their gradual change can become an indicator of social evolution.

In simple societies with low population density, there is little task specialization. Everyone is directly involved in the lives of others in the community. Such societies are characterized by what Durkheim called mechanical solidarity.

As populations grow in density and evolve over time they develop a division of labor that produces a new kind of solidarity – organic solidarity. Durkheim focused on many occupations required to maintain the social order in a modern society. Each worker does only one specific task. By specializing, the worker becomes dependent on others who are doing different kinds of work. Due to occupational specialization, a society needs a predictable social order. In societies characterized by mechanical solidarity, disruptions of social order lead to repression – an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.

In more complex modern societies, when disruptions occur, the attention is on laws or procedures that will restore conditions back to “normal”. In modern society the rule of law becomes an underlying value. We are supposed to let the legal process provide justice.

For Durkheim, the division of labor provides more than economic advantages. It ties people to each other in what Durkheim called social solidarity. Societies have a “moral character”. There is a need for order, harmony, and social solidarity.

In summary, Durkheim stressed the moral consequences of the division of labor, which holds modern societies together. His stress was on the unifying factors in societies.