7. Read the text and translate it. Hybrid computer combines best of analog and digital

A “hybrid” computer that introduced a new concept in engineering and scientific computation by combining the best operational features of analog and digital computers into an integrated system, was demonstrated for the first time by its manufacturer, Electronic Associates, Inc., of Long Branch, N.J., at the Western Joint Computer Conference (the U.S.A.).

The new computer was designed primarily as a scientific instrument for a range of research, design and development applications in industry, defense and civilian space programs as well as commercial application for a variety of design and production problems.

HYDEC (hybrid digital/analog computer) is the result of a four-year-long research program conducted by computation division at Princeton, and represents the first major change of direction in computer development in 10 years.

The new computer HYDEC combines the traditional advantages of both analog and digital computers – the analog’s speed, lower cost, ease of programming and the digital’s capacity for data storage , decision making logic operations and time sharing of components - into one centralized system to achieve a computation efficiently that is well beyond the limits of either computer used alone.

8. Read the summary and translate it.

ABSTRACT (SUMMARY)

As the title implies, the paper describes a new computer, which was demonstrated at the Western Joint Computer Conference ( the U.S.A.). The name of this computer is HYDAC (hybrid digital/analog computer), and it is designed for different applications. It is reported that the HYDAC is the result of a four-year-long research program. Much attention is given to the fact that the HYDAC combines the traditional advantages of analog and digital computers into one centralized system.

The paper is of interest to specialists working in the computer field.

9. Find the English equivalents of the sentences.

1.) Эта статья представляет интерес для специалистов, работающих в области ЭВМ.

2.) Большое внимание уделяется тому, что ХАЙДЕК соединяет традиционные преимущества аналоговых и цифровых компьютеров в одну централизованную систему.

3.) Сообщается, что ХАЙДЕК явился результатом четырёхлетней научно-исследовательской программы.

4.) Он предназначается для различных применений.

5.) Согласно названию, в статье описывается новый гибридный компьютер, который демонстрировался на конференции в США.

10. Read the students’ articles and give them summary. The phenomenon of a “sinking” ice

Jack London in his story "On the fortieth mile" describes a surprising phenomenon - the bottom ice. This phenomenon, from eyewitnesses, Lona Mack Feyna, looked very strange:

”Then we drifted, with a head over other side, peering down through the sparkly water. For the world like the days I splint with the pearls, watching the coral banks growing the same as so many gardens under the sea.

There it was, the anchor-ice, clinging and clustering to every rock, after the manner of the white coral.

'But the best of the sight was to come. Just after clearing the tail of the riffle, the water turns quick the color of milk, an' the top of it in wee circles, as when the grayling rise in the spring, or there's a splatter of wet from the sky. It was the anchor-ice coming up. To the right, to the lift, as far as ever a man cud see, the water was covered with the same.

An' like so much porridge it was, slicking along the bark of the canoe, sticking like glue to the paddles”

It was very unbelievable. Everyone knows that at four degrees of heat and normal pressure, the water density anomaly - and at a temperature above and below its density is less. As a result of further cooling of this amazing liquid layers with temperatures ranging from 0 to 4 ° C are displaced upward, and the density of ice at the freezing point is 0.92 g/cm3, i.e., 0.08 g/cm3 less than the density of the underlying water.

But common sense leads us to the fact that: anchor ice can exist in nature. With the rapid severe frosts in the northern rivers water can super cool below freezing temperatures, sinking down as a result of mixing and crystallizing on the rocks, snags, and even suspended in the water sands. Anchor ice is lighter than water and is held down, only if it is frozen to underwater objects or the ground. This crystal modification of water ice with a hexagonal structure – is the only possible on the surface of our planet.

There is something similar is also in the bottom of the oceans, seas and some lakes in huge numbers, but this is not frozen pure water. It is about gas hydrates, primarily methane and CO2; from the standpoint of physical chemistry, it is very special substance.

And if it is possible, in principle, the existing for heavy ice? To answer this question, we must have look closely how all hard water is arranged. And the first glance at it shows that the situation is very difficult. It is now known fourteen fraternal varieties of crystalline water ice (one of them takes two guises), as well as a lot of amorphous ice. Such a large variety of structures due to the fact that the ice were not built of round atoms, and strongly asymmetric water molecules. These molecules are connected in the monolith hydrogen bonds.

Of course, it is easy to meet for a man the ice. With the rest he usually does not face. Once it has been suggested that for many millions of years of ice in Antarctica or Greenland could become proton ordered ice XI. However, a thorough study of core samples recovered from deep ice sheets, does not confirmed this hypothesis. There are points of view that by overriding continental plates, where there are huge pressures, accumulate and can be formed huge amounts of ice VII, but this hypothesis has not been experimentally verified. Some rare species of halo around the Sun and the Moon can be explained by the of unusual ice presence in the atmosphere, particularly ice. Further evidence of the existence of such ice in the air is the odd snowflake, in which the axes of the adjacent intergrowth crystals are 70 °: the embryo for these snowflakes could be a crystal of ice.

On the planets of the solar system one can meet more different ice, especially on ice-covered shield satellites of Jupiter and Saturn. Calculation of density and heat fluxes from the surface of satellites allows concluding that Ganymede and Cellist must be ice shell, which alternate ice I, III, V and VI. At Titan's ice doesn’t form not bark, but the mantle. Its inner layer consists of ice VI, ice, other high-pressure and castrate hydrates, and the top is ice I.

In general, the crystalline ice it high pressure can be well represented in the solar system very well, and the man, who investigated to acquire them, is inevitably confronted with these substances. "For many years I have researched the ice and never stop wondering: how different those structures, are which can produce water. Indeed, after words of Pindar, is the noblest substance on the Earth, "- says the doctor of chemical sciences, GG Malenkov from the Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry named by AN Framing. His review, written in collaboration with the candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, EA Zheligovskaya served as the basis for this article.