Influences

One of the most important people at the start of their careers was Brian Epstein, a Liverpullian record-dealer. He managed to change four ordinary working-class lads into international superstars. George Martin, their record producer, encouraged them to introduce all kinds of unusual instruments on their records and combined popular and classical styles in a new and original way.

The 1960s

During the 1960s the Beatles were always in the news headlines; films, world tours and sometimes scandal. John once suggested that the Beatles were better known than Jesus Christ. This caused hundreds of young Americans to burn their Beatle records. In addition some people thought there were hidden messages about drugs in some of the songs.

Break - up

After a decade of successful music and films, the Beatles finally decided to break up in the early seventies, after public disagreements about money and personalities.

Although many fans hoped there would be a reunion throughout the 1970s, this became impossible with the tragic murder of John Lennon in New York in 1980.

The surviving Beatles are still deeply involved in musical and film projects, but many fans still long for the music of the 60s.

Answer Some Questions about the Beatles

1. What was their first hit?

2. How did their early experience help them later on in their careers?

3. People thought their styles were terrible, didn’t they?

4. What was George Martin’s role actually?

5. Why did some Americans burn their records?

6. Why did they break up in the end?

Britain’s Kings and Queens

From Alfred the Great, in the ninth century, to Elizabeth II today, 56 very varied men and women have reigned as kings and queens of England. The royal line of Scotland merged with that of England only in the seventeenth century. Some of these sovereigns occupied the throne for no more than a few months or, like Henry VI and Edward IV, disputed its possession with a rival, and not all were formally crowned; others, such as Elizabeth I and Victoria, reigned in splendour for so long that they set the seal of their names on whole periods of history. Some were esteemed as sainly, some were conspicuously sinful, some were feared and strong, others were despised and weak.

William I (the Conqueror) (1066-1087); Born 1028; Crowned Westminster; Buried Caen.

William the Conqueror was descended from Viking warlords, who, from the middle of the ninth century, first plundered¹ and then settled north-western France. He was a hard man in every sense – a wild warrior, a cruel ruler, a driving² administrator and a man of strong principles. In 1066 he invaded England. Saxon resistance lasted for some years after Hastings but William put down all outbreaks with severity. The Saxon nobility were largely destroyed, and almost totally dispossessed, in favour of Norman Knights and a similar process was applied to the Church. William I changed England to suit his needs.

Henry II (1154 – 1189); Born 1133; Crowned Westminster; Buried Fontevrand.

Henry II has been ascribed as “one of the most remarkable characters in England history”. He ruled an Empire greater than that of any English King before him – England, Wales, Ireland, Normandy, Anjon, Britanny and Aquitaine. Also he surprised his contemporaries with the sheer force and brilliance of his temperament and talents. He was a figure of European stature, comparable in prestige to the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. His wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, was one of the most powerful and dynamic women of all medieval Europe. Their children and grandchildren became kings and queens of most countries between England and the Holy Land. Henry was a man of splendid physique. He loved war, hunting, law, letters, art and architecture. The most significant and lasting of Henry’s works was his reconstruction of the English system.

Richard I (Coeur de Lion) (1189 – 1199); Born 1157; Crowned Westminster; Buried Fonfevrand.

Few English kings have played so small a part in the affairs of England and so large a part in the affairs of Europe as Richard I. He was a brilliant general but as a King of England he was a disaster.

He spent only two spells in the country, one of three monts and one of two; otherwise, he was campaigning in France, Sicily and Palestine. England paid for his exploits in 1192, when he was captured at Vienna on his way back from the Crusade. He died of a wound in 1199. He was a homosexual and left no son.

Henry VIII (1509 – 1547); Born 1491; Crowned Westminster; Buried Windsor.

Henry VIII stands out as a colossus among English Kings. Gigantic in appetites, destructiveness and creativity, he slammed the door of history on the Middle Ages and thrust England into a new era. In his youth Henry was a splendid figure, strong, skilled in every physical and artistic accomplishment, fearsome and generous.

By 1520s, England needed a male heir. And when his wife Catherine of Aragon, who was the widow of Henry’s elder brother Arthur, failed to produce a living son, Henry convinced himself that this must be because the marriage was invalid in the eyes of God. An annulment could only come from the Pope – but the Pope was under the influence of Catherine’s nephew, the King of Spain. So began a conflict with Rome which led to the dissolution of the monasteries and the establishment of a national State Church. No single episode is more important in the whole of English history. Henry YIII prepared the way for renewed religions, social and economic activity. After Catherine of Argon, he married five more times. His last wife outlived him, but by then two had been divorced, one had died in childbirth and two more were executed.

Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603); Born 1553; Crowned Westminster; Buried Westminster.

In Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, we see a mixture of traits from both parents: her father’s strength, will, pride and passion for splendour and her mother’s coquettishness and magnetism. Also she had a first – class mind and a rare capacity for judging men and events.

Elizabeth I was the last great monarch to rule as well as reign in England. The Queens can hardly be given credit for the achievements of Shakespeare and Spencer, but she maintained a court within which their dazzling talents found support.

She was never without favourites, but she never let them take control of her will. Only once did her nerve falter, when she had to face the cruel execution of Mary, Queen of Scots.

The summit of Elizabeth’s glory was reached in 1588, when the huge fleets of Spain were defeated by Lord Howard. Later generations looked back with pride on “the golden days of Good Queen Bess”.

Victoria (1837 – 1901); Born 1819; Crowned Westminster; Buried Frogmore.

By the late 1830s the monarchy was beginning to look a disreputable and even unnecessary institution. Kings were no longer expected to rule, only to reign. And when they reigned as badly as George IV or William IV, it began to be debatable whether they were necessary at all.

From this low point the monarchy was rescued by Queen Victoria, one of the most notable figures in Britain Royal history. Her achievement was to restore respect and usefulness to the Crown, and then to go further by becoming the spirit of the nation, the symbol of its will.

The young Victoria was the daughter of one of William IV’s brothers, the Duke of Kent. She was a lively, pleasure loving princess. Marriage to an admirable German prince Albert sobered her and gave her a sense of responsibility.

She lost her husband early – Albert died of typhoid fever in 1861. In the last twenty years of her reign she became as completely loved and idolized as Elizabeth I had been.

Part of the secret of Victoria’s success was her ability to mix commonsense¹ with high principles.

Also she embodied the qualities that the middle classes most admired: devotion to family and friends, honesty and reliability.

Elizabeth II (1952 to present); Born 1926; Crowned Westminster.

After the devastation of a World War, the accession of a young, beautiful Queen with a famous name fuelled high hopes of a new golden age. Her time can already be seen as a time of renewal. The marriage of the young Princess Elizabeth to Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, on 20 November 1947, was a dazzling romantic event in its time. The first child and the current heir to the throne, is Prince Charles, the Prince of Wales, who was born on 14 November 1948. He married Lady Diana Spencer in 1981 and they have two sons – Prince William, born 21 June, 1982 and prince Henry,

born 15 September, 1984. Elizabeth II has one daughter Princess Ann (1950) and two more sons: Prince Andrew (1960) and Prince Edward (1964).