4. The verb and its classification.

The verb is a notional part of speech expressing actions, processes presented dynamically. The grammatical meaning of the verb also includes different types of relations attitudes, states, etc. it is the most complicated part of speech from the view point of its morphological features since it has a very complicated system of grammatical categories, those of person, number, tense, aspect and mood. The finite verb performs the primary predicative function in the sentence, establishing the connection between the proposeme (described situation) and objective reality. Non-finite forms o the verb perform the secondary predicative functions in the sentence. From the syntactic view point the verb combines with nouns, other verbs, postpositions , adjectives, etc, but the most characteristic syntactic partner of the verb is the adverb. The finite verb performs the syntactic function of the predicate in the sentence but the non-finite forms of the verb perform syntactic functions characteristic of non-processional parts of speech such as the noun, adjective and adverb. The verb is classified into certain types according to different principles and approaches taken by grammarians:

1. According to the category of finitude that is the ability to express the primary predication in the sentence verbs fall into finite and non-finite ones (infinitive, gerund)

2. According to the verb-form derivation verbs fall into regular and irregular ones. ( work-worked-worked-regular, go-went-gone-irregular)

3. According to outward structures they fall into a. simple,(go, write), b. expanded (with affixes built up – to enlarge, to predicate, undergo), c. composite verbs ( of two words – blackmail, whitewash), d. phrasal verbs ( eat up, go off, put up, have a smoke, make a move)

According to the presence or absence of lexical meanings verbs undergo the semantic classification and fall into a. full nominative verbs (notional) , b. partially nominative verbs (semi notional) include modal verbs, phrasal verbs (begin, start), link verbs ( be, becoming, remaining , being – be , become, appear, turn, go), auxiliary (be, have, will, should, would, вспомогательные глаголы). This verbs (phrasal link and auxiliary) can function as either notional verbs or semi-notional ones. He is in the house, he is clever. Bloch call them grammatical homonyms .

Full nominative (notional) verbs fall into the following subclasses:

1. According to the manner of action they fall into inchoative verbs (начинательные глаголы) – to start , commence, initiate, begin, etc.

2. Durative verbs ( to continue, go on, keep on, proceed)

3. Terminative verbs (завершительные) – to stop, finish, end, graduate, kill, terminate.

4. Iterative verbs ( действие состоит из отдельный частей ) verbs expressing the a succession of like acts. Walk, chew, breathe, haw-law, tap-tap, gingle-gingle.

5. Super completed verbs – to overdo, overestimate, overcome, surpass, exceed, etc.

6. Under completed verbs – underdo, underestimate.

7. Momentary verbs – glance, clap, jump.

8. According to the aspective characters verbs fall into limitive verbs, unlmitive ones. And verbs of double aspective nature which can be either limitive or unlimitive due to certain lexico-syntactic contexts. Limitive verbs express actions which can not be continued after a certain boarder line which can be actualized by the meaning of the verb and the context – to breake, come, stop, kill, etc. Unlimitive verbs have no meaning of a boarder line in their semantic structures. For example – to continue, live, love, hate,etc. the verbs of double aspective nature such as to see, feel, bear, etc, can be limitive or unlimitive due to the context. For example – after a days work I felt tired – unlimitive; I felt somebody approaching me – unlimitive. Suddenly I felt a sharp pain in my side.

9. According to the relation of a subject of the action to the denoted process verbs fall into actionall and statal ones – actional- play, write, read, which can be used in the conti nious from. Static verbs – sit, lie, which can be used in the finite forms.

10. According to the combining power of verbs based on syntactic valency. According to this feature verbs fall into

A.COMPLEMENTIVE (требуют после себя дополнительных слов) which falls into:

1. non-objective :

A. predicative (become a teacher, tired, to be, turn red)

B. adverbial types ( to leave, stay, go,act)