- •2) Grammatical category and its characteristic features.
- •3) Parts of speech and different principles of their classification.
- •The verb and its classification.
- •Objective:
- •6А) the category of tense.
- •7) The category of voice
- •7А) the category of voice.
- •8Б) Verbal categories.
- •9) The category of mood
- •Inf. Constructions
- •20) Classification of phrases according to their distribution:
- •23) Simple Sentence (ss)
- •23Б) According to their structures simple sentences fall into:
- •23С) structural types of the simple sentence
- •25) The Predicate
- •The Compound Verbal Predicate
- •Mixed types of predicate
- •The compound modal nominal predicate
- •The compound aspect nominal predicate
- •The compound modal aspect predicate
- •26) The Principal Parts of the Sentence
- •26А) The subject. Means of expressing the subject.
- •27) The Object
- •28) The Attribute
- •28А) The Attribute
- •29) The Adverbial modifier
- •30А) the composite sentences
- •31А) Classific-n of subord. Clauses:
- •31С) The Complex Sentence. Adverbial Clauses
- •31Д) The Complex Sentence. Attributive Clauses
- •31Ж) The Complex Sentence. Nominal Clauses the plan
- •1.Nominal clause
- •2. Subject clause
- •3. Predicative clause
- •4. Object clause
- •It was appropriate that the guests wore evening dresses
- •33) The Compound Sentence
- •34) Semi-complex sentence
- •§ 6. Semi-complex sentences of adverbial complication are derived from two base sentences one of which, the insert
- •35) Semi-compound sentence
27) The Object
The O. is a part of the complementation of a verb, a verbal or an adjective within verb, verbal (non-finite) or adjective phrases. It refers to a person or thing, or a state of affairs which is affected or produced by, or is related to the action or state expressed by the predicate of a sentence. There may be 2 objects in one simple sentence: Mary sent Jane a letter. The pronoun it can be used as a formal object (expressed by an infinitive or gerundial phrase) extraposed to the end of the sentence: I don’t like it to be treated like this. The O. may be represented by a single word, a phrase, a predicative construction or a subordinate clause.
Parts of speech: a noun, a pronoun, a numeral, a substantivized adjective or participle (the wounded), an infinitive, a gerund, a predicative construction (non-finite clauses) – They insisted on my answering him, a quotation – She exclaimed “My God”. In a complex sentence, a subordinate clause may serve as an O. to a verb in the main clause – I didn’t know where they lived.
Kinds of O:
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The direct O. is used after transitive verbs and denotes a person or a thing wholly involved and/or directly affected by the action of a transitive verb: She saw me and smiled. The d.O. may complement monotransitive phrasal verb with the adverb preceding or following it: Ray gave up his work. Come on, I’ll show you around.
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The indirect O. is the first complement of the distransitive verb. The second noun phrase complementing the verb functions as direct object: Give me a chance! Sometimes the i.O. is used alone to complement the verb: Shall I tell hem? The i.O. is related to a prepositional phrase introduced by to, for, of: He bought a dress for her.
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The prepositional O. is a nominal phrase introduced by a preposition which serves as part of the complementation of the prepositional verb or an adjective with a “fixed” preposition: The value of liberty depends on other values. Ditransitive prepositional verbs are complemented by a direct object and by a prepositional phrase, which follows it: She blamed herself for saying it.
28) The Attribute
The A. is a secondary part of the sentence which constitutes part of a noun phrase, modifies its head and denotes a quality of a person or a thing. It may be represented by a single word, a phrase, or a subordinate clause; it may precede or follow the word it modifies.
Parts of speech: an adjective, a pronoun (my, these), a numeral, a noun, a participle – a sleeping baby, a gerund – sleeping tablets, an infinitive – a book for you to read, an adverb – the room above, prepositional phrases – jokes of your brother’s. Attributive clauses used as postmodifiers transform the whole sentence into a complex one: I’ll never forget the day when we first met.
28А) The Attribute
Attribute is a dependent element of a nominative phrase that denotes an
attributive quality of an object expressed by a noun. It is a secondary part of the
sentence modifying a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, a substantival
pronoun, a cardinal numeral, and any substantivised word, and characterizing the
thing named by these words as to its quality or property.
According to the position relative to the head word, attributes can be
prepositive and postpositive. The position of an attribute with respect to its head
word depends partly on the morphological peculiarities of the attribute itself, and
partly on stylistic factors.
Apposition has been often regarded as a special kind of attribute, and
sometimes as a secondary part of a sentence distinct from an attribute. Apposition
is a word or phrase referring to a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, and
explaining and specifying its meaning by giving it another name. Appositions are
usually expressed by nouns.