23Б) According to their structures simple sentences fall into:

Two member

One member

sentences.

Two member sentences consist of both the principal parts of the sentence. (subject and predicate) A one member sentence consists of only one of the principal parts. Ilysh writes that one member sentences should not be confused with two member sentences with either the subject or predicate or both of them omitted. Such sentences are called incomplete two member sentences or elliptical sentences, the missing parts of which can be restored from the previous context.

One member sentences fall into: nominal types (the spring of 1945, night of ) and verbal types. The verbal types fall into finite verb types (take it,come here); infinitible types (to be away from here, oh, to be with her); participial types (broken! Left alone).

Elliptical sentences are more characteristic of dialogue speech. For ex. – Who was the 1^st to come? – Peter. When did you arrive? – Yesterday.

Elliptical sentence can also be used in monologue speech. For ex: I didn’t watch the film. Don’t like it.

Professor Bloch doesn’t agree with a division of simple sentence into one member and into elliptical ones. According to him one member sentences can also be restored from the context. For ex: Night (it was night) , why not go there (why should we go there). He suggests dividing simple sentences into two axis and one axis sentences.

One axis sentences in their turn fall into:

Free one axis sentences including contextually restorable elliptical sentences;

Fixed one axis sentences which fall into the following types:

1. naming sentences – for ex: night. Spring!

2. excuses – for ex: pardon, sorry.

3.greetings - farewell - – for ex: Hi, evening, morning.

4. assertions and negations – for ex : no

5. causative constructions – for ex: come on, get away.

According to Ilysh the unexpanded sentence consists of only the subject and the predicate. The expanded simple sentence includes some optional parts of the sentence that is the suplementative modifiers, which don’t constitute a predicative expansion of a sentence.

For ex_ unexpanded simple – the boy is sleeping. I bought a book. She became a teacher.

Expanded ones - I bought a book for you. The night came dark and dreary. (predicative supplements) (adverbial) – I saw a house in the distance.

According to paradigmatic characteristics they distinguish elementary sentences which have the following synonyms – base sentence, cornel sentences – the elementary and cornel sentence is a two member unexpanded sentences. They also distinguish trans forms – different communicative and structural types of the sentences built up of elementary or cornel sentences.

23С) structural types of the simple sentence

According to their structures simple sentences fall into:

1. Two member

2. One member

sentences.

Two member sentences consist of both the principal parts of the sentence. (subject and predicate) A one member sentence consists of only one of the principal parts. Ilysh writes that one member sentences should not be confused with two member sentences with either the subject or predicate or both of them omitted. Such sentences are called incomplete two member sentences or elliptical sentences, the missing parts of which can be restored from the previous context.

One member sentences fall into: nominal types (the spring of 1945, night of ) and verbal types. The verbal types fall into finite verb types (take it,come here); infinitible types (to be away from here, oh, to be with her); participial types (broken! Left alone).

Elliptical sentences are more characteristic of dialogue speech. For ex. – Who was the 1^st to come? – Peter. When did you arrive? – Yesterday.

Elliptical sentence can also be used in monologue speech. For ex: I didn’t watch the film. Don’t like it.

Professor Bloch doesn’t agree with a division of simple sentence into one member and into elliptical ones. According to him one member sentences can also be restored from the context. For ex: Night (it was night) , why not go there (why should we go there). He suggests dividing simple sentences into two axis and one axis sentences.

One axis sentences in their turn fall into:

• Free one axis sentences including contextually restorable elliptical sentences;

• Fixed one axis sentences which fall into the following types:

1. naming sentences – for ex: night. Spring!

2. excuses – for ex: pardon, sorry.

3.greetings - farewell - – for ex: Hi, evening, morning.

4. assertions and negations – for ex : no

5. causative constructions – for ex: come on, get away.

There is one more – semantic classification of sentences. It is based on the categorical semantics of the subject, the categorical semantics of the predicate and on the subject-object relations.

1. According to the categorical semantics of the subject simple sentences fall into personal and impersonal ones. Personal sentences fall into: human, non-human. Human sentences fall into definite and indefinite ones. For ex: the students are taking exams. Non-human falls into animate and inanimate ones. Impersonal sentences fall into factual (it rains, it’s five o’clock)and perceptional (it smells of onion) sentences.

2. According to the categorical semantics of the predicate the simple sentences fall into: process featuring (verbal) and substance featuring (nominal). The process featuring fall into actional (they are playing tennis) and statal sentences (we like theoretical grammar). Substance featuring sentences fall into : factual ones (the sea is rough) and perceptional (the place seems quite).

3. According to the subject-object relations the sentences fall into 3 subtypes : subjective sentence (john lives in London), objective sentence (John likes apples), potentially object sentences (neutral) ( John reads a lot).

Semantico-situational analysis of the simple sentence

This is an analysis of a sentence which is called the deep cases of analysis which was worked out by the American linguist Charles Fillmore. This type of analysis is called to reveal the “true” or deep meanings hidden under the parts of a sentence, (surface structure of the sentence). The essence of it is the following – each unit of the surface structure (for ex – the subject or the object) may correspond to different unit of the deep structure. These units are called semantic roles, deep cases, semantic octants. They distinguish the following deep cases( semantic roles):

• Agent

• Patient

• Benefactive

• Instrument

• Means

• Locative

• Temperative

• Nominative

• Force

Etc.

For ex: The pilot (agent) changed his tactics. The lightning (force) struck the high tension line. The road(patient) will be reconstructed. The face (nominative) seems glorified. The morning (temperative-время) saw them approaching the airport.

24) Simple sentences are usually classified into one-member and two-member.

This distinction is based on a difference in the main parts of a sentence. One-

member sentences do not contain two such separate parts; in these sentences there

is only one main part (e.g. Silence! Come here!) Such sentences contain neither the

subject nor the predicate. Instead there is only one main part. It is a disputed point

whether the main part of such a sentence should, or should not, be termed subject

in some cases, and predicate, in others. As it was pointed out by academician V.

Vinogradov, grammatical subject and grammatical predicate are correlative notions

and the terms are meaningless outside their relation to each other. He suggested

that for one-member sentences, the term "main part" should be used, without

giving it any more specific name.

Prof. Blokh, however, does not accept this approach because, in his view, it

is based on an inadequate presupposition that in the system of language there is a

strictly defined, "absolute" demarcation line between the two types of

constructions. Instead he suggests that all simple sentences of English be divided

into two-axis constructions and one-axis constructions. In a two-axis sentence, the

subject axis and the predicate axis are directly and explicitly expressed in the outer

structure. In a one-axis sentence only one axis or its part is explicitly expressed, the

other one being non-presented in the outer structure of the sentence.

However, this point of view is not widely accepted, so we shall adhere to the

traditional approach. One-member sentences are further divided into:

a) nominal or "naming" sentences;

b) infinitival sentences.

Nominal sentences name a person or thing. The main member in such

sentences is expressed by a noun.

e.g. Winter. Snow.

The main member of infinitival sentences is expressed by an infinitive.

Infinitival sentences are fairly common in spoken English and literary prose. Like

other units of predicative value, they can communicate not only their denotative

meaning but also the connotative suggestions of various circumstances of their use.

e.g. To talk like that to your own mother! To have eloped with a butler!

One-member sentences should be kept apart from two-member sentences

with either the subject or the predicate omitted, i. e. from elliptical sentences.

Ellipsis in sentence-structure is a natural syntactic process in linguistic

development presented as normal practices in many, if not all, languages. In terms

of traditional grammar, elliptical sentences are generally identified as sentences

with the subject or predicate missing. Some grammarians hold another point of

view recognising ellipsis also in sentences where the secondary parts of the

sentence are felt as missing. Such was A. M. Peshkovsky' s treatment of elliptical

sentences in Russian. This view was also shared by B. Ilyish, L. S. Barkhudarov

and D. A. Shtellіng in regards to English. And this is the view we shall adhere to in

our course. So an elliptical sentence is a sentence with one or more of its parts left

out, which can be unambiguously inferred from the context. The main sphere of

elliptical sentences is dialogue.

e.g. Where are you going? – To the movies.

In terms of structure the following types of elliptical sentences are singled

out:

a) omission of the subject: e.g. Hope to see you soon.

b) omission of the predicate in patterns with there is, there are, e. g. Too

many mistakes, I am afraid.

c) omission of auxiliary, copulative and other function verbs, e. g. You like it

here?

d) omission of the subject and auxiliary verb, e. g. Hear me?

e) omission of the subject and the copula-verb, e. g. Glad to see you again.