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Country Government type Afghanistan transitional Albania emerging democracy Algeria republic American Samoa NA Andorra parliamentary democracy (since March 1993) that retains as its heads of state a coprincipality; the two princes are the president of France and bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain, who are represented locally by coprinces' representatives Angola republic, nominally a multiparty democracy with a strong presidential system Anguilla NA Antarctica Antarctic Treaty Summary - the Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961, establishes the legal framework for the management of Antarctica. The 24th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting was held in Russia in July 2001. At the end of 2001, there were 45 treaty member nations: 27 consultative and 18 non-consultative. Consultative (voting) members include the seven nations that claim portions of Antarctica as national territory (some claims overlap) and 20 nonclaimant nations. The US and Russia have reserved the right to make claims. The US does not recognize the claims of others. Antarctica is administered through meetings of the consultative member nations. Decisions from these meetings are carried out by these member nations (within their areas) in accordance with their own national laws. The year in parentheses indicates when an acceding nation was voted to full consultative (voting) status, while no date indicates the country was an original 1959 treaty signatory. Claimant nations are - Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK. Nonclaimant consultative nations are - Belgium, Brazil (1983), Bulgaria (1998) China (1985), Ecuador (1990), Finland (1989), Germany (1981), India (1983), Italy (1987), Japan, South Korea (1989), Netherlands (1990), Peru (1989), Poland (1977), Russia, South Africa, Spain (1988), Sweden (1988), Uruguay (1985), and the US. Non-consultative (nonvoting) members, with year of accession in parentheses, are - Austria (1987), Canada (1988), Colombia (1989), Cuba (1984), Czech Republic (1993), Denmark (1965), Estonia (2001), Greece (1987), Guatemala (1991), Hungary (1984), North Korea (1987), Papua New Guinea (1981), Romania (1971), Slovakia (1993), Switzerland (1990), Turkey (1995), Ukraine (1992), and Venezuela (1999). Article 1 - area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be used for scientific research or any other peaceful purpose; Article 2 - freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue; Article 3 - free exchange of information and personnel, cooperation with the UN and other international agencies; Article 4 - does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force; Article 5 - prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes; Article 6 - includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00 minutes south and reserves high seas rights; Article 7 - treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance notice of all expeditions and of the introduction of military personnel must be given; Article 8 - allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states; Article 9 - frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations; Article 10 - treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty; Article 11 - disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, by the ICJ; Articles 12, 13, 14 - deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved nations. Other agreements - some 200 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and ratified by governments include - Agreed Measures for Fauna and Flora (1964) which were later incorporated into the Environmental Protocol; Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980); a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988 but remains unratified; the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed 4 October 1991 and entered into force 14 January 1998; this agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through five specific annexes: 1) marine pollution, 2) fauna and flora, 3) environmental impact assessments, 4) waste management, and 5) protected area management; it prohibits all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific research. Antigua and Barbuda constitutional monarchy with UK-style parliament Argentina republic Armenia republic Aruba parliamentary democracy Australia democratic, federal-state system recognizing the British monarch as sovereign Austria federal republic Azerbaijan republic Bahamas, The constitutional parliamentary democracy Bahrain constitutional hereditary monarchy Bangladesh parliamentary democracy Barbados parliamentary democracy; independent sovereign state within the Commonwealth Belarus republic Belgium federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarch Belize parliamentary democracy Benin republic under multiparty democratic rule; dropped Marxism-Leninism December 1989; democratic reforms adopted February 1990; transition to multiparty system completed 4 April 1991 Bermuda parliamentary British overseas territory with internal self-government Bhutan monarchy; special treaty relationship with India Bolivia republic Bosnia and Herzegovina emerging federal democratic republic Botswana parliamentary republic Brazil federative republic British Virgin Islands NA Brunei constitutional sultanate Bulgaria parliamentary democracy Burkina Faso parliamentary republic Burma military regime Burundi republic Cambodia multiparty democracy under a constitutional monarchy established in September 1993 Cameroon unitary republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties legalized in 1990)

note: preponderance of power remains with the president Canada confederation with parliamentary democracy Cape Verde republic Cayman Islands British crown colony Central African Republic republic Chad republic Chile republic China Communist state Christmas Island NA Cocos (Keeling) Islands NA Colombia republic; executive branch dominates government structure Comoros independent republic Congo, Democratic Republic of the dictatorship; presumably undergoing a transition to representative government Congo, Republic of the republic Cook Islands self-governing parliamentary democracy Costa Rica democratic republic Cote d'Ivoire republic; multiparty presidential regime established 1960 Croatia presidential/parliamentary democracy Cuba Communist state Cyprus republic

note: a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified after the Turkish intervention in July 1974 after a Greek junta-based coup attempt gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cypriot "President" Rauf DENKTASH declared independence and the formation of a "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC), recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly support a settlement based on a federation (Greek Cypriot position) or confederation (Turkish Cypriot position) Czech Republic parliamentary democracy Denmark constitutional monarchy Djibouti republic Dominica parliamentary democracy; republic within the Commonwealth Dominican Republic representative democracy East Timor republic Ecuador republic Egypt republic El Salvador republic Equatorial Guinea republic Eritrea transitional government

note: following a successful referendum on independence for the Autonomous Region of Eritrea on 23-25 April 1993, a National Assembly, composed entirely of the People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ, was established as a transitional legislature; a Constitutional Commission was also established to draft a constitution; ISAIAS Afworki was elected president by the transitional legislature; the constitution, ratified in May 1997, did not enter into effect, pending parliamentary and presidential elections; parliamentary elections had been scheduled to take place in December 2001, but were postponed indefinitely; currently the sole legal party is the People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) Estonia parliamentary republic Ethiopia federal republic Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) NA Faroe Islands NA Fiji republic

note: military coup leader Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA formally declared Fiji a republic on 6 October 1987 Finland republic France republic French Guiana NA French Polynesia NA Gabon republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties legalized in 1990) Gambia, The republic under multiparty democratic rule Georgia republic Germany federal republic Ghana constitutional democracy Gibraltar NA Greece parliamentary republic; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 December 1974 Greenland parliamentary democracy within a constitutional monarchy Grenada constitutional monarchy with Westminster-style parliament Guadeloupe NA Guam NA Guatemala constitutional democratic republic Guernsey NA Guinea republic Guinea-Bissau republic, multiparty since mid-1991 Guyana republic within the Commonwealth Haiti elected government Holy See (Vatican City) ecclesiastical Honduras democratic constitutional republic Hong Kong limited democracy Hungary parliamentary democracy Iceland constitutional republic India federal republic Indonesia republic Iran theocratic republic Iraq in transition following April 2003 defeat of SADDAM Husayn regime by US-led coalition Ireland republic Israel parliamentary democracy Italy republic Jamaica constitutional parliamentary democracy Japan constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government Jersey NA Jordan constitutional monarchy Kazakhstan republic Kenya republic Kiribati republic Korea, North authoritarian socialist; one-man dictatorship Korea, South republic Kuwait nominal constitutional monarchy Kyrgyzstan republic Laos Communist state Latvia parliamentary democracy Lebanon republic Lesotho parliamentary constitutional monarchy Liberia republic Libya Jamahiriya (a state of the masses) in theory, governed by the populace through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorship Liechtenstein hereditary constitutional monarchy on a democratic and parliamentary basis Lithuania parliamentary democracy Luxembourg constitutional monarchy Macau limited democracy Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of parliamentary democracy Madagascar republic Malawi multiparty democracy Malaysia constitutional monarchy

note: Malaya (what is now Peninsular Malaysia) formed 31 August 1957; Federation of Malaysia (Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore) formed 9 July 1963 (Singapore left the federation on 9 August 1965); nominally headed by the paramount ruler and a bicameral Parliament consisting of a nonelected upper house and an elected lower house; Peninsular Malaysian states - hereditary rulers in all but Melaka, George Town (Penang), Sabah, and Sarawak, where governors are appointed by the Malaysian Government; powers of state governments are limited by the federal constitution; under terms of the federation, Sabah and Sarawak retain certain constitutional prerogatives (e.g., the right to maintain their own immigration controls); Sabah - holds 20 seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to federal government; Sarawak - holds 28 seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to federal government Maldives republic Mali republic Malta republic Man, Isle of parliamentary democracy Marshall Islands constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 21 October 1986 Martinique NA Mauritania republic Mauritius parliamentary democracy Mayotte NA Mexico federal republic Micronesia, Federated States of constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986; economic provisions of the Compact are being renegotiated Moldova republic Monaco constitutional monarchy Mongolia parliamentary Montserrat NA Morocco constitutional monarchy Mozambique republic Namibia republic Nauru republic Nepal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy Netherlands constitutional monarchy Netherlands Antilles parliamentary New Caledonia NA New Zealand parliamentary democracy Nicaragua republic Niger republic Nigeria republic transitioning from military to civilian rule Niue self-governing parliamentary democracy Norfolk Island NA Northern Mariana Islands commonwealth; self-governing with locally elected governor, lieutenant governor, and legislature Norway constitutional monarchy Oman monarchy Pakistan federal republic Palau constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 1 October 1994 Panama constitutional democracy Papua New Guinea constitutional monarchy with parliamentary democracy Paraguay constitutional republic Peru constitutional republic Philippines republic Pitcairn Islands NA Poland republic Portugal parliamentary democracy Puerto Rico commonwealth Qatar traditional monarchy Reunion NA Romania republic Russia federation Rwanda republic; presidential, multiparty system Saint Helena NA Saint Kitts and Nevis constitutional monarchy with Westminster-style parliament Saint Lucia Westminster-style parliamentary democracy Saint Pierre and Miquelon NA Saint Vincent and the Grenadines parliamentary democracy; independent sovereign state within the Commonwealth Samoa constitutional monarchy under native chief San Marino independent republic Sao Tome and Principe republic Saudi Arabia monarchy Senegal republic under multiparty democratic rule Serbia and Montenegro republic Seychelles republic Sierra Leone constitutional democracy Singapore parliamentary republic Slovakia parliamentary democracy Slovenia parliamentary democratic republic Solomon Islands parliamentary democracy tending toward anarchy Somalia no permanent national government; transitional, parliamentary national government South Africa republic Spain parliamentary monarchy Sri Lanka republic Sudan authoritarian regime - ruling military junta took power in 1989; government is run by an alliance of the military and the National Congress Party (NCP), formerly the National Islamic Front (NIF), which espouses an Islamist platform Suriname constitutional democracy Svalbard NA Swaziland monarchy; independent member of Commonwealth Sweden constitutional monarchy Switzerland federal republic Syria republic under military regime since March 1963 Taiwan multiparty democratic regime headed by popularly-elected president and unicameral legislature Tajikistan republic Tanzania republic Thailand constitutional monarchy Togo republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule Tokelau NA Tonga hereditary constitutional monarchy Trinidad and Tobago parliamentary democracy Tunisia republic Turkey republican parliamentary democracy Turkmenistan republic Turks and Caicos Islands NA Tuvalu constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy; began debating republic status in 1992 Uganda republic Ukraine republic United Arab Emirates federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE federal government and other powers reserved to member emirates United Kingdom constitutional monarchy United States Constitution-based federal republic; strong democratic tradition Uruguay constitutional republic Uzbekistan republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little power outside the executive branch Vanuatu parliamentary republic Venezuela federal republic Vietnam Communist state Virgin Islands NA Wallis and Futuna NA Western Sahara legal status of territory and issue of sovereignty unresolved; territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally proclaimed a government-in-exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR),led by President Mohamed ABDELAZIZ; territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979; Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control; the Polisario's government-in-exile was seated as an OAU member in 1984; guerrilla activities continued sporadically, until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented 6 September 1991 Yemen republic Zambia republic Zimbabwe parliamentary democracy This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003