СЭГ Мира / 1 семестр / ПРАКТИКУМ СЭГ мира,часть 1 / ХРЕСТОМАТИЯ электронная / 09 Страны / Германия

82,329,758 (July 2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 16

Age structure:

0-14 years: 13.7% (male 5,768,366/female 5,470,516)

15-64 years: 66.1% (male 27,707,761/female 26,676,759)

65 years and over: 20.3% (male 7,004,805/female 9,701,551) (2009 est.)

Median age:

total: 43.8 years

male: 42.6 years

female: 45.2 years (2009 est.)

Population growth rate:

-0.053% (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 211

Birth rate:

8.18 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 220

Death rate:

10.9 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 47

Net migration rate:

2.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 40

Urbanization:

urban population: 74% of total population (2008)

rate of urbanization: 0.1% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)

female: 3.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 79.26 years

country comparison to the world: 32

male: 76.26 years

female: 82.42 years (2009 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.41 children born/woman (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 195

adjective: German

Ethnic groups:

German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)

Religions:

Protestant 34%, Roman Catholic 34%, Muslim 3.7%, unaffiliated or other 28.3%

conventional long form: Federal Republic of Germany

conventional short form: Germany

local long form: Bundesrepublik Deutschland

local short form: Deutschland

former: German Empire, German Republic, German Reich

Government type:

federal republic

chief of state: President Horst KOEHLER (since 1 July 2004)

head of government: Chancellor Angela MERKEL (since 22 November 2005)

cabinet: Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) appointed by the president on the recommendation of the chancellor

elections: president elected for a five-year term (eligible for a second term) by a Federal Convention, including all members of the Federal Assembly and an equal number of delegates elected by the state parliaments; election last held 23 May 2009 (next scheduled for 23 May 2014); chancellor elected by an absolute majority of the Federal Assembly for a four-year term; Bundestag vote for Chancellor last held after 27 September 2009 (next to follow the legislative election to be held no later than 2013)

election results: Horst KOEHLER reelected president; received 613 votes of the Federal Convention against 503 for Gesine SCHWAN; Angela MERKEL reelected chancellor; vote by Federal Assembly 323 to 285 with four abstentions

Legislative branch:

bicameral legislature consists of the Federal Council or Bundesrat (69 votes; state governments sit in the Council; each has three to six votes in proportion to population and are required to vote as a block) and the Federal Assembly or Bundestag (622 seats; members elected by popular vote for a four-year term under a system of personalized proportional representation; a party must win 5% of the national vote or three direct mandates to gain proportional representation and caucus recognition)

elections: Bundestag - last held on 27 September 2009 (next to be held no later than autumn 2013); note - there are no elections for the Bundesrat; composition is determined by the composition of the state-level governments; the composition of the Bundesrat has the potential to change any time one of the 16 states holds an election

election results: Bundestag - percent of vote by party - CDU/CSU 33.8%, SPD 23%, FDP 14.6%, Left 11.9%, Greens 10.7%, other 6%; seats by party - CDU/CSU 239, SPD 146, FDP 93, Left 76, Greens 68

Judicial branch:

Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht (half the judges are elected by the Bundestag and half by the Bundesrat)

Political parties and leaders:

Alliance '90/Greens [Claudia ROTH and Cem OZDEMIR]; Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]; Christian Social Union or CSU [Horst SEEHOFER]; Free Democratic Party or FDP [Guido WESTERWELLE]; Left Party or Die Linke [Lothar BISKY and Oskar LAFONTAINE]; Social Democratic Party or SPD [Sigmar GABRIEL]

Political pressure groups and leaders:

other: business associations and employers' organizations; religious, trade unions, immigrant, expellee, and veterans groups

International organization participation:

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CDB, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G-20, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, SECI (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (nonregional), WCO, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

The German economy - the fifth largest economy in the world in PPP terms and Europe's largest - began to contract in the second quarter of 2008 as the strong euro, high oil prices, tighter credit markets, and slowing growth abroad took their toll on Germany's export-dependent economy. At just 1% in 2008, GDP growth is expected to be negative in 2009. Recent stimulus and lender relief efforts will make demands on Germany's federal budget and undercut plans to balance its budget by 2011. The reforms launched by the former government of Chancellor Gerhard SCHOEDER, deemed necessary due to chronically high unemployment and low average growth, led to strong growth in 2007, while unemployment in 2008 fell below 8%, a new post-reunification low. Germany's aging population, combined with high chronic unemployment, has pushed social security outlays to a level exceeding contributions, but higher government revenues from the cyclical upturn in 2006-07 and a 3% rise in the value-added tax cut Germany's budget deficit to within the EU's 3% debt limit in 2007. The current government of Chancellor Angela MERKEL has initiated other reform measures, such as a gradual increase in the mandatory retirement age from 65 to 67 and measures to increase female participation in the labor market. The modernization and integration of the eastern German economy - where unemployment still exceeds 30% in some municipalities - continues to be a costly long-term process, with annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly $80 billion. While corporate restructuring and growing capital markets have set strong foundations to help Germany meet the longer-term challenges of European economic integration and globalization, Germany's export-oriented economy has proved a disadvantage in the context of weak global demand.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$2.925 trillion (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6

$2.887 trillion (2007 est.)

$2.817 trillion (2006 est.)

note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP (official exchange rate):

$3.673 trillion (2008 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

1.3% (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 167

2.5% (2007 est.)

3.2% (2006 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$35,500 (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 33

$35,000 (2007 est.)

$34,200 (2006 est.)

note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 0.9%

industry: 30.1%

services: 69.1% (2008 est.)

Labor force:

43.6 million (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 14

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 2.4%

industry: 29.7%

services: 67.8% (2005)

Unemployment rate:

7.8% (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 106

9% (2007 est.)

note: this is the International Labor Organization's estimated rate for international comparisons; Germany's Federal Employment Office estimated a seasonally adjusted rate of 10.8%

Population below poverty line:

11% (2001 est.

country comparison to the world: 20

65.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

2.7% (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 31

2.3% (2007 est.)

$1.638 trillion (31 December 2006)

Agriculture - products:

potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbages; cattle, pigs, poultry

Industries:

among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food and beverages, shipbuilding, textiles

Industrial production growth rate:

0.1% (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 131

Electricity - production:

593.4 billion kWh (2007 est.)

country comparison to the world: 8

Electricity - consumption:

547.3 billion kWh (2007 est.)

country comparison to the world: 7

Electricity - exports:

61.7 billion kWh (2008 est.)

Electricity - imports:

41.67 billion kWh (2008 est.)

Oil - production:

150,800 bbl/day (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 46

Oil - consumption:

2.569 million bbl/day (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 7

Oil - exports:

582,900 bbl/day (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 26

Oil - imports:

2.777 million bbl/day (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6

Oil - proved reserves:

276 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 55

Natural gas - production:

16.36 billion cu m (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 32

Natural gas - consumption:

95.79 billion cu m (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 7

Natural gas - exports:

12.68 billion cu m (2008)

country comparison to the world: 16

Natural gas - imports:

91.99 billion cu m (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 3

Natural gas - proved reserves:

175.6 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 46

Current account balance:

$243.6 billion (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

$263.1 billion (2007 est.)

Exports:

$1.498 trillion (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

$1.35 trillion (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities:

machinery, vehicles, chemicals, metals and manufactures, foodstuffs, textiles

Exports - partners:

France 9.7%, US 7.1%, UK 6.7%, Netherlands 6.6%, Italy 6.4%, Austria 5.4%, Belgium 5.2%, Spain 4.4%, Poland 4% (2008)

Imports:

$1.232 trillion (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 3

$1.079 trillion (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities:

machinery, vehicles, chemicals, foodstuffs, textiles, metals

Imports - partners:

Netherlands 12.5%, France 8.3%, Belgium 7.5%, China 6.2%, Italy 5.7%, UK 5.4%, Austria 4.3%, Russia 4.2%, US 4.2% (2008)

gas 24,364 km; oil 3,379 km; refined products 3,843 km (2008)

Railways:

total: 41,896 km

country comparison to the world: 6

standard gauge: 41,641 km 1.435-m gauge (20,053 km electrified)

narrow gauge: 75 km 1.000-m gauge (75 km electrified); 24 km 0.750-m gauge (24 km electrified) (2008)

Roadways:

total: 644,480 km

country comparison to the world: 11

paved: 644,480 km (includes 12,400 km of expressways)

note: includes local roads (2006)

Waterways:

7,467 km

country comparison to the world: 19

note: Rhine River carries most goods; Main-Danube Canal links North Sea and Black Sea (2008)

Grenadines 3, Singapore 24, Slovakia 3, Spain 5, Sri Lanka 5, Sweden 5, Turkey 1, UK 76,

Ports and terminals:

Bremen, Bremerhaven, Duisburg, Hamburg, Karlsruhe, Lubeck, Rostock, Wilhemshaven