galyatova_v_n_lelet_i_a_angliyskiy_yazyk

Text A.

Boiler Mountings

Various valves and other fittings are required for the proper wor­ king of the boiler. For a water-tube boiler the mountings, usually consist of the following items:

Safety Valves

These are fitted to protect the boiler from the effects of over­ pressure. At least two safety valves are fitted to each boiler, but in prac­ tice it is usual to fit three safety valves - two on the steam drum, and one on the superheater outlet header.

Main Stop Valve

This is mounted on the superheater outlet header, and enables the boiler to be isolated from the steam line. If two or more boilers are fitted supplying steam to a common line, the stop valve on each boiler must be a screw down, non-return type. This is to prevent steam from the other boilers flowing into a damaged boiler in the event of a loss of pressure due to a burst tube.

Auxiliary Stop Valve

This is basically a smaller version of the main stop, fitted for the purpose of isolating the boiler from the auxiliary steam lines. The valve is mounted on the superheater outlet header; a desuperheater can be used to reduce the steam temperature as required.

Feed Check Valves

These are fitted to give final control over the entry of feed water into the boiler. Main and auxiliary feed checks are fitted. The main check is often fitted to the economizer inlet header; if not, like the auxi­ liary check, it will be mounted directly on the steam drum.

Boiler Feed Water Regulator

The water level in a boiler is critical. If it is too low, damage may result from overheating; too high - and priming can occur.

Automatic feed regulators are therefore fitted to control the flow of water into the boiler and maintain the water level as its desired level. They are fitted in the feed line, before the main feed check.

Water Level Indicators

The usual arrangement consists of two direct reading water level gauges mounted on the steam drum, and a remote reading indicator placed at a convenient control position.

61

Low Water Alarms

These should be fitted to reduce the risk of damage in the event of a loss of water in the boiler due to a burst tube or failure of the feed supply.

Blow Down Valves

These are fitted to the water drum to enable water to be blown from the boiler in order to reduce the density. When the boiler is shut down, these valves can be used to drain it.

Drain Valves

These are fitted to headers, etc., so enabling the boiler to be com­ pletely drained.

Air vents

These are fitted to the upper parts of the boiler to release air from drums and headers, either when filling the boiler, or raising steam.

Chemical Dosing Valves

These are fitted to the steam drum to enable feed treatment chemi­ cals to be injected directly into the boiler.

Salinometer Valves

These are fitted to the water drum to draw off samples of boiler water so that the tests required for the control of the feed treatment can be carried out.

Pressure Gauge Connections

Fitted as required to steam drum, superheater outlet header, etc. to provide necessary pressure readings.

Thermometers

Pockets must be provided in superheater headers, etc. for the fitting of either direct or remote reading thermometers.

Exercise I.

Give English equivalents.

Выполнять функции, размещать, легкодоступный, предохра­ нительный клапан, на практике, устанавливать, выходной (выпуск­ ной) коллектор пароперегревателя, паровой трубопровод (паропро­ вод), в случае падения давления, из-за разрыва труб, установлен­ ный с целью, повреждение (поломка), пароохладитель, при необхо­ димости, регулирование входа питательной воды, вскипание, под­ держивать уровень воды, показания, плотность, образцы котловой воды, выпускать воздух из барабанов и коллекторов, проводить анализ.

62

Exercise И.

Rewrite the sentences according to the models.

Model 1. It is essential (necessary, important) to prevent steam leakage.

Steam leakage must be prevented.

Model 2. It is advisable (desirable) to fit low water alarms to reduce the risk of damage.

Low water alarms should be fitted to reduce the risk of damage.

Model 3. It is possible to fit the main check to the economizer inlet header.

The main check may be fitted to the economizer inlet

1.It is essential to design boiler mountings carefully.

2.It is important to position boiler mountings to maintain them easily.

3.It is necessary to protect the boiler from the effect of over

pressure.

4.It is advisable to install a screw down, non-return type stop valve on each boiler.

5.It is possible to mount the main check directly on the steam drum.

6.It is desirable to fit blow down valves to the water drum.

7.It is possible to use blow down valves to drain the boiler.

8.It is advisable to fit scum valves when there is a possibility of oil contamination of the boiler.

9.It is possible to fit chemical dosing valves to the steam drum.

10.It is permitted to carry out tests required for the control of the

feed treatment.

11.It is essential to provide pockets in superheater headers.

Exercise III.

Ask questions on the text according to the model. Give short response.

63

Model. What is the function o f ...?

Exercise IV.

Translate into English.

1.Для обеспечения безопасной работы котлов на них обору­ дуется ряд устройств, которые обычно называют гарниту­ рой котла.

2.Предохранительные клапаны препятствуют повышению давления в котле.

3.Главный стопорный клапан обслуживает только главный паропровод, а вспомогательный - вспомогательный паро­ провод.

4.Сейчас широко применяют автоматическое регулирование питания.

5.Воздушные краны устанавливают для выпуска воздуха из барабанов, при заполнении котла водой и при первом пуске котла.

6.Клапан продувки котла используется для осушения котла.

Exercise V.

Read and translate text В in written form.

64

65

Unit XIII.

Functions of Auxiliary Machinery

Vocabulary

Text А.

Functions of Auxiliary Machinery

Besides running and maintaining the main propulsion machinery of the ship, the engine officer has a great deal of auxiliary machinery to look after. Auxiliary machinery covers everything mechanical on board ship ex­ cept the main engines and boilers. It includes almost all the pipes and fit­ tings and the equipment needed to carry out a number of functions. These functions may be summarized as follows:

- To supply the needs of the main engines and boilers. Air com­ pressors are used to supply compressed air for starting engines. Coolers are

used for cooling either oil or water. Water for the boilers is also heated be­ fore being admitted into the boiler by feed water pumps. This increases the efficiency of the boiler.

66

-To keep the ship dry and trimmed. This is done through the bilge an ballast pumping systems. Bilge pumping system removes water which has gathered in machinery, cargo and other spaces. Ballast pumping sys­ tem pumps water into and out of ballast tanks. In general cargo ships, these systems are usually interconnected and served by the same pumps. In tan­ kers and other bulk carries, these systems are completely separate, because these ships may need to ballast at 12,000 tons/hour and therefore need larger pumps.

-To supply domestic needs such as fresh and sea water, sanitation; heating or cooling of air, ventilation.

-To apply the main power of the engines for propulsion and maneu­ vering. The engine power is transmitted to the propeller by a line of shaf­ ting. This is made up of the thrust shaft, intermediate shafts and the propel­ ler shaft. Steering gear is also necessary to operate the rudder for maneu­ vering.

-To supply the ship with electrical power and lighting. This is done

by steam of diesel-powered generators.

- To moor the ship and handle cargo. Deck machinery is extensive and varied. It can be divided into anchor-handling machinery (windlasses and capstans), mooring machinery (winches and caps-tans), and cargohandling machinery (winches and cranes). It also includes cargo oil pumps.

-To provide for safety. Firefighting and fire detection equipment, lifeboat engines and launching gear are also included.

-To prevent oil and sewage pollution.

Exercise I.

Answer the questions.

1.What machinery is called auxiliary?

2.What are air compressors used for?

3.What is the function of the coolers?

4.What does the bilge pump serve for?

5 . What is the function of the ballast pumping systems?

6.What shafts make up a line of shafting?

7.What is the function of the steering gear?

8.How is the ship supplied with electric power and lighting?

9.What deck machinery do you know?

10.Who is responsible for auxiliary machinery?

•67

Exercise II.

Translate into English.

1.Механик должен обслуживать большое количество вспомо­ гательных механизмов.

2.Вспомогательные механизмы - это все механические уст­ ройства на борту судна, кроме главных двигателей и главных кот­ лов.

3.Осушительные и балластные насосы используются, чтобы обеспечивать работу главных двигателей и котлов.

4.Мощность двигателя передается на винт с помощью валопровода.

5.Валопровод состоит из упорного вала, промежуточного вала

игребного винта.

6.Дизель-генератор предназначен для того, чтобы давать элек­ троэнергию и освещение.

7.Палубные механизмы применяются для швартовки и грузо­ вых операций.

Exercise III.

Read and translate text В in written form.

Text B.

Oil/Water Separators

Oil/water separators are used to ensure that ships do not discharge

more and more stringent in the limits set for oil discharge. Clean water

68

More oil will separate out onto the underside of these plates and travel outwards until it is free to rise into the oil collecting space. The almost oil-free water passes into the central pipe and leaves the separator unit.

The purity at this point will be 100 parts per million or less. An automatically controlled valve releases the separated oil to a storage tank. Air is released from the unit by a vent valve. Steam or elec­ tric heating coils are provided in the upper and sometimes the lower parts of the separator, depending upon the type of oil to be separated.

Where greater purity is required, the almost oil-free water passes to a filter unit. The water flows in turn through two filter stages and the oil removed passes to oil collecting spaces. The first-stage filter removes physical impurities present and promotes some fine separa­ tion. The second-stage filter uses coalescer inserts to achieve the fi­ nal de-oiling.

Coalescence is the breakdown of surface tension between oil drop­ lets in an oil/water mixture that causes them to join and increase in size. The oil from the collecting spaces is drained away manually, as re­ quired, usually about once a week. The filter inserts will require chan­

Exercise IV.

Put 10 questions to the text.

. 69