galyatova_v_n_lelet_i_a_angliyskiy_yazyk

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ, МОЛОДЕЖИ И СПОРТА УКРАИНЫ

ОДЕССКИЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ МОРСКОЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

Кафедра «Иностранные языки»

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Методические рекомендации к самостоятельной работе

Специальности:

7.100302 «Эксплуатация судовых энергетических установок»

7.090509 «Судовые энергетические установки и оборудование»

Одесса - 2012

Методические рекомендации подготовлены Галятовой Валентиной Николаевной - старшим преподавателем кафедры «Иностранные языки» Одесского национального морского универ­ ситета и Лелет Ириной Александровной - преподавателем той же кафедры в соответствии с учебным планом.

Методические рекомендации одобрены кафедрой «Иностран­ ные языки» ОНМУ 18 апреля 2011 года (протокол № 9).

Данные методические рекомендации предназначены для сту­ дентов 2 курса СМФ заочного факультета и составлены для организа­ ции работы студентов-заочников в межсессионный период и в период экзаменационной сессии.

Методические рекомендации включают: пояснительную записку, тексты для внеаудиторного чтения, а также для работы на практиче­ ских занятиях и лексико-грамматические упражнения.

ТП - 2012 г., 32.1.

CONTENTS

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ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯЗАПИСКА

Данные методические рекомендации составлены для органи­ зации работы студентов-заочников ОНМУ по изучению дисциплины «Английский язык» в межсессионный период (до начала экзаменаци­ онной сессии) и в период экзаменационной сессии. Пособие адресо­ вано студентам 2 курса судомеханической специальности.,

Методические указания помогут студентам самостоятельно проработать тематический материал, увеличить лексический запас, выполнить грамматические упражнения и подготовиться к конт­ рольной работе.

Студентам необходимо выполнить следующие задания:

1.Прочитать и перевести тексты А. Выписать и выучить все незнакомые слова.

2.Выполнить лексико-грамматические упражнения по те-

мам.

3.Перевести письменно тексты В и поставить к ним вопро-

сы.

Для выполнения этих заданий и подготовки к контрольной работе необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал:

1.Употребление видовременных форм глагола в действительном и страдательном залогах.

2.Причастие настоящего времени. Причастие прошедшего времени.

3.Герундий.

4.Инфинитив.

5.Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты, модальные глаголы

спассивным инфинитивом.

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Рекомендуемая литература

1.Богомолов О.С. Английский язык для судовых инженеров: Учебн. пособие. - Одесса: ЦПАП, 1999.

2.Исаенко Э.В., Шерешевская А.Д. и др. Учебник английского языка для высших морских учебных заведений. - СПб.: АОЗГ «Кронверк-Принт», 1993.

3.Качалова К.Н., Израилевич Е.Е. Практическая грамматика английского языка. -М .: Юнвес, 1995.

4.Пивненко Б.А. Английский язык для инженеров-судомеха- ников. “ М.: Студия «Негоциант», 2007.

5.Новый англо-русский словарь / Сост. В.К. Мюллер. —М.:

Адрес-Пресс, 2003.

6. Англо-русский морской технический словарь / Сост. П.А. Фаворов. - М.: Воениздат Министерства обороны

СССР, 1977.

7.Русско-английский морской словарь / Под ред. Н.М. Ела- гина.-Таллинн: Мери, 1998.

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Text А

Diesel Engines

The diesel engine is an internal combustion engine which ignites the fuel by injecting it into hot high pressure air in a combustion cham­ ber. The diesel engine has either a four-stroke or a two-stroke cycle. A stroke is a travel of the piston between its extreme points.

The four stroke cycle consists of inlet (or suction), compression, power (or working) and exhaust strokes. This cycle is completed in two revolutions of the crankshaft. At the top dead centre (TDC) the inlet valve opens and fresh air is drawn in as the piston moves down - suction stroke. At the bottom dead centre (BDC) the inlet valve closes and the air in the cylinder is compressed as the piston rises-compression. Fuel is injected as the piston reaches TDC and combustion takes place produ­ cing very high pressure in the gases. There the gases force the piston down and at BDC the exhaust valve opens. The final stroke is the ex­ hausting of the burnt gases as the piston rises to TDC.

The two-stroke cycle is completed in the two strokes of the piston during one revolution of the crankshaft: the upstroke (scavenge and compression) and the down stroke (power and exhaust stroke). Instead of valves holes known as "ports" are used which are opened and closed by the sides of the piston as it moves. When the piston is forced down on its working stroke it uncovers (opens) the exhaust ports. The burnt gases then begin to exhaust and the piston continues down until it opens the

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inlet or scavenge ports. Pressurized air then enters and drives out the remaining exhaust gases. The piston on its return stroke closes the inlet and exhaust ports. The air is then compressed as the piston moves to the top of its stroke.

All modem diesel engines are single-acting, i.e. there is only one combustion space above the piston. The diesel engines may also be op­ posed piston type, crosshead type and trunk piston type. Large diesel engines, which have cylinder near 900 mm in diameter turn at the rela­ tively slow speed at about 145 rpm and less. They are known as slow speed diesel engines. At this low speed the engine requires no reduction gearbox between it and the propeller. Medium speed diesel engines operate between 150 and 450 rpm, therefore they are connected to the propeller by gearing.

Preparation for Standby

1.Before starting a diesel engine should be warmed up by circula­ ting hot water through the jackets, etc.

2.The various supply tanks, filters, valves and drains should be

checked.

3.The lubricating oil pumps and, circulating water pumps should be started.

4.All control equipment and alarms should be examined.

5.The indicator cocks are opened, the turning gear engaged and

the engine turned through several complete revolutions.

6.The fuel oil system is checked and circulated with hot oil.

7.Auxiliary scavenge blowers, if manually operated should be

started.

8.The turning gear is disengaged and if possible the engine should be turned over on air before closing the indicator cocks.

Engine Starting

1.The direction handle is positioned ahead or astern.

2.The maneuvering handle is moved to "START”.

3.When the engine reaches its firing speed the maneuvering handle is moved to the running position.

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Exercise I.

Answer the questions.

1.What is a diesel engine?

2.What does a four-stroke cycle consist of?

3.What takes place at the top dead centre?

4.What strokes are there in a two-stroke cycle?

5.What does "single-acting" mean?

6.What types are diesel engines classified into by their speed?

7.What should be done before starting a diesel engine?

Exercise II.

Speak of:

a 4-stroke diesel engine; a 2-stroke diesel engine;

the preparation of a diesel engine for starting using italicized words and phrases.

Exercise III.

Read and translate text В in written form.

Text В

Maintenance

Check the lube oil pressure daily. The pressure should be 1,5 Kg per sq. cm = 21 Lbs/sq. in (psi). Keep the oil level up to the full mark of the dipstick. Make control when the engine stands still. The lube oil should be changed the first time after 50 working hours, the next time after another 150 working hours and then at least once a year. Draining is made by unscrewing the drain plug at the bottom of the crankcase just after stopping the engine when the oil is warm and easy to drain. Before refilling with fresh oil wipe out the inside of the crankcase with a clean rag (use material free from fluff, do not use cotton waste). Dip the rag in gas oil and clean the lube oil suction strainer placed on the drain plug and clean the sump. When changing the lube oil, clean the lubricating oil filter with petrol or gas oil. Refill the sump with fresh lube oil.

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Pistons should be examined frequently for cracks. The upper piston rings should be examined once a month during the first six month ser­ vice and than as necessary depending on their condition. At intervals of six months piston heads if cooled must be examined for deposits of car­ bon in cooling spaces and cooling pipes. Exhaust valves, manifold and cylinder ports should also be examined and excessive carbon deposits should be removed. Cylinder liners must be examined externally for de­ posits of scale. The liners should also be examined for wear and re­ newed if necessary. The clearance of the connecting rod-top and bottom ends should also be examined and adjusted if necessary. At intervals of one year the maneuvering gear should be examined for wear at the joints of levers and rods. The alignment of the crankshaft should be checked and corrected if necessary. The main bearings should be examined and readings taken for wear.

Exercise IV.

Put 10 questions (5 types) to the text.

Exercise V.

Change the verb form from Active to Passive Voice.

1.The high pressure causes the piston to move.

2.The burning of the fuel produces high pressure.

3.The pressure increases the cylinder volume.

4.Two revolutions of the crankshaft complete a four-stroke cycle.

5.Pistons compress the air in the cylinder.

6.The fresh air pushes the exhaust gases out.

7.Fresh air fills the cylinder.

8.We examine the piston rings once a month.

9.A watch engineer checks the lube oil pressure daily.

10.We warm up a diesel engine before starting.

Exercise VI.

Translate into English.

1.Поршни следует проверить на наличие трещин.

2.Поршневые кольца необходимо проверять постоянно, в за­ висимости от их состояния.

3.Излишний нагар следует снять.

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