Перевод в сфере семейного права

exclusive jurisdiction in relation to land situated within that country - see Dicey 14th Edition Rules 121 and 122. However, this rather blunt rule is subject to various exceptions, some of which are relevant to ancillary relief.

It is vital to bear in mind when drafting ancillary relief orders that orders in relation to foreign property are to be avoided at all costs as they cannot be enforced against the property itself. The only remedy in relation to enforcement is against a party. Thought should therefore be given to providing for a fallback position in the case of non-compliance.

Essentially there are three possible ways of dealing with foreign property:

(i) SALE – there may be a tax liability both in UK and in foreign country if proceeds are brought back into UK. Expert advice will be needed from a local lawyer as to practical requirements of sale – will the parties need to be present or can they provide powers of attorney, how can this be regulated, who will accept the proceeds of sale etc? (ii) TRANSFER OF TITLE. There is a possibility of UK CGT even in relation to the principal residence if the transfer is more than 3 years after separation or in the tax year following separation/divorce. Clearly if the property is a second home, UK CGT is likely. Many jurisdictions impose a gift tax on transfers between spouses so it may be more appropriate to deal with the issue as a sale to avoid local tax. (iii) RETENTION – expert advice should be taken for the parties continuing to own property in joint names when they are no longer married. If the intention is for the parties to hold property on trust for themselves jointly, concepts of trust may not be recognised locally and so other documentation may be needed. Forced heirship and taxation on death need to be considered, as in civil jurisdictions including Spain, the remaining ex spouse can find themselves evicted upon the death of the other.

(from Ancillary Relief Cases with a Foreign Twist: Practical Considerations by Sarah L ucy Cooper, Thomas More Chambers, Internet )

Task 6. Read the text and insert the missing prepositions. Translate into Russian in written form.

Applications for Ancillary Relief after a Foreign Divorce

1.Under Part III of the Matrimonial and Family Proceedings Act 1984 a person who has divorced outside England and Wales can apply ... ancillary relief in the courts in England and Wales, but only if the court grants leave to apply, which it can do if there is a substantial ground ...... making the application (s.13).

2.Under s.16 the court must consider whether England and Wales is the appropriate venue

..... the application and must have regard ....... a number of specified matters , such as: the connection that the parties have with England and Wales, the country where they were divorced and any other country; and any financial benefit the applicant or child ....... the

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Task 7. Match the terms with their definitions and translate from English into Russian.

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Task 8. Student A: You are a journalist. Translate the questions into English.

Student B: You are a British lawyer. Translate the answers into Russian . Summarise the most significant issues mentioned in the dialogue in writing.

A: Как известно, добрачное соглашение – это контракт между людьми, заключенный до момента вступления пары в брачные отношения. В нем указывается урегулирование финансовых и других вопросов, возникающих в случае развода. Что еще можно сказать о нем?

В: Generally speaking, prenuptial agreements are recognized as valid agreements amongst people if the terms of the agreement are valid and, moreover, if everything involving the agreement takes place. And those kinds of things generally that are required is that you have to have a full and complete understanding and disclosure of the assets, there needs to be independent counsel, and there needs not to be any duress or any undue influence.

And we interpret that to mean a lot of times that you don't want an agreement that the parties are signing right when they're getting ready to walk down the aisle and the guests have been invited.

А: Что может быть включено в брачный договор? Какие условия брачного договора можно назвать юридически обоснованными, а какие нет?

В: Well, something that would be detrimental to the society. I mean, it could be that there'll be no child support being paid, and if somebody's going to be on public welfare or assistance, certainly that would create difficulties for the state. But generally the kinds of terms that are included are terms having to do with assets and/or liabilities that people bring into the marriage. And yes, lots of times, I think early on probably the wealthy were those that used them the most .

A: Только известные актеры и другие знаменитости?

В: Yes, absolutely. But it's becoming really more and more commonplace.

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A: Даже во время кризиса (recession)? Оказывает ли кризис какое-то влияние на эти договоры?

В : Well, what's happened as a result of the recession are the assets that people are protecting are worth less. But they're still being protected. And people are thinking about their assets going into a marriage, thinking about, you know, 'Well, I do want to hold on to what little I do have now in comparison to what I had before the recession.'

A: Кто составляет окончательный вариант соглашения - юрист или сами люди, вступающие в брак? Можно ли составить свой собственный договор?

В: It's a contract, and so depending on contract law, people are free to contract, typically. But the question is, one of the elements oftentimes is that people have independent counsel or have the ability to have retained independent counsel, so that the [agreement] that has been reached can be scrutinized.

An example of a prenuptial agreement that wouldn't be upheld would be one that would leave somebody out penniless and a public charge. And the court then would say 'We cannot enforce this prenuptial agreement because it's not equitable.

А: Можно задать Вам личный вопрос? У Вас есть брачный договор?

В: I am married. It'll be thirty-seven years in June. When my husband and I entered in our marriage, we were just really sort of building from the beginning. And that's one of those examples when you're not coming in with much and you build yourselves. So there really wasn't a need for us to have a prenuptial agreement when we married."

A: А можно ли заключить брачный договор после бракосочетания?

В: No, but people do do that. And we've not had a need to do that, but that is another contract between people. And in that instance it would be between married people. And there has to be consideration, there has to be a bargain in exchange for entering into the agreement. It's not just keeping the marriage together in some instances. There has to be a real reason to have a postnuptial agreement. But people are finding those very useful as well.

(from “ Prenup: The Legal Language of Love for Couples About to Marry”, interview with Marlene Moses, 03 February 2009, Internet)

Task 9. Render the text into English.

УСЛОВИЯ БРАЧНОГО ДОГОВОРА

Согласно брачному договору, супруги могут установить режим совместной, долевой или раздельной собственности на все имущество, на его отдельные виды или на имущество каждого из супругов, причем брачный договор может быть заключен в отношении как имеющегося, так и будущего имущества.

Брачный договор не ограничивает правоспособность или дееспособность супругов, а также их право на обращение в суд за защитой своих интересов. Брачный договор не может регулировать личные неимущественные отношения между супругами, права и обязанности супругов в отношении детей, поскольку все эти вопросы решаются законом - семейным кодексом РФ. Брачный договор не предусматривает положений, ограничивающих право нетрудоспособного, нуждающегося супруга на получение содержания, и не оговаривает другие

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условия, которые ставят одного из супругов в крайне неблагоприятное положение или противоречат основным началам семейного законодательства Российской Федерации. Например, в брачный договор, заключенный в России, супруги хотели включить следующее условие: все имущество перейдет к жене, если муж будет пить. Однако нотариус отказался сделать это, посчитав кабальным для мужа. В то же время он не возражал против включения в другой брачный договор условия, что все доходы мужа, нынешние и будущие, будут принадлежать только ему. Муж, крупный бизнесмен, мотивировал свое желание включить такой пункт в договор так: “Обеспечить жену во время семейной жизни я смогу “выше крыши”, но при

возникновении спора признает его недействительным на основании Статьи 169 Гражданского кодекса Российской Федерации, рассматривающей это условие, как сделку, противоречащую основам правопорядка и нравственности.

ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНЫ ЛИ РОССИЙСКИЕ БРАЧНЫЕ КОНТРАКТЫ В АМЕРИКЕ

Если брак и брачный договор были заключены в России, а дело о разводе и разделе имущества рассматривается в Америке, американский суд будет считаться с условиями брачного контракта только при условии, что он: а) был заключен в полном соответствии с законами Российской Федерации; б) условия контракта не противоречат public policy of USA, т. е. основам американского правопорядка.

Так, например, супруги Татьяна и Сергей К. зарегистрировали брак в Москве, предварительно заключив брачный договор, которым было предусмотрено, что в случае покупки недвижимости она будет принадлежать только мужу. Супруги после заключения брака приобрели дом в Подмосковье, который был зарегистрирован только на имя Сергея. После этого они переехали в Америку, где купили дом. Как это принято в Америке, он был зарегистрирован на имя обоих супругов. При разводе американский суд отказал Сергею в передаче американского дома в его исключительную собственность, признав соответствующий пункт брачного договора, заключенного в России, недействительным, противоречащим американскому правопорядку. Кроме того, суд указал, что, согласно принципам международного частного права, в том числе и России, споры по разделу недвижимого имущества рассматриваются по законам местонаxождения этого имущества. По законам штата, где был куплен и находится дом, он принадлежит супругам как общая собственность, так как был приобретен на имя обоих супругов.

Что касается дома в Подмосковье, судьба его будет решена российским судом по местонаxождению этого дома. Либо в другом суде - по правилам подсудности, существующем в России.

Разумеется, вышеприведенными примерами не исчерпываются все случаи применения брачного договора - абсолютно нового явления в законодательстве России. Однако со временем появится и постановление Верxовного суда России, и судебная практика, разьясняющая применение этого полезного нововведения в российском семейном праве.

(from. «Русский Базар», №3(665), 15 - 21 января, 2009), электронная версия - П.С. Рабинович. Раздел имущества супругов в Росси и Америке. Договорный режим имущества супругов)

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UNIT 7

Children on Family Breakdown.

VOCABULARY

custody of children опека над несовершеннолетними детьми (в случае развода получаемая одним из родителей)

alternating custody/ split custody /divided custody разделение опеки над ребёнком между разведёнными родителями (в этой ситуации ребенок, подобно теннисному мячику, переходит от одного родителя к другому через определенные промежутки времени) interim custody временная опека

joint custody совместная опека разведенных супругов над несовершеннолетними детьми parental custody родительское попечение

family settlement соглашение об установлении режима семейной собственности

shared residence order решение суда, по которому ребенок должен проживать в разных местах по месту жительства лиц, осуществляющих опеку (передача ребенка от одного лица другому, со сменой места жительства)

periodical payment order решение суда об алиментных или др.платежах, осуществляемых регулярно через равные промежутки времени

settlement property order приказ о распоряжении имуществом legal redress правовая помощь

Task 1. Provide the Russian counterparts for these words and expressions.

2. Study the Russian Family Code Section V, Chapter 13, articles 8086 and section VII, article 161 (see the Appendix).

a)Make your own glossary of the legal terms in English. Look up for their Russian counterparts. Compare it with your fellow-student’s, discuss and complete.

b)Student A:Translate the questions into English.

Student B: Answer the questions.

1.Каковы обязанности родителей по отношению к своим несовершеннолетним детям?

2.Как определяется размер алиментов?

3.Каковы особенности взыскания элементов?

4.Каков порядок участия родителей в несении дополнительных расходов на детей?

5.Законодательство какого государства определяет права и обязанности родителей в смешанных браках?

Task 3. Listen to the teacher reading the text and translate it orally.

Child custody in Russia

When parents take a decision to separate, the question arises on who their child(ren) should remain with. This is always a difficult moment for a parent. If the spouses are of different nationalities this can lead to a situation where one of the parents and the child live in different

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countries. The best option to resolve the issue is for the mother and father to maintain a cordial relationship and work out an agreement. The main goal of every parent should be to avoid psychological trauma to the child and not allow a situation where a child becomes a pawn in their conflict. Parents sometimes put their own needs/arguments above the child's and this is where the situation becomes difficult.

As a result, one of the main roles of a family lawyer in a divorce case is to operate as an intermediary in negotiations (as well as providing legal assistance) between the two sides, to understand the psychology of the conflict and seek to forge a compromise that satisfies all parties and protects the children. If parents consider an oral agreement insufficient, Russian Family Law allows for a written agreement to be concluded on custody and visitation issues. Having said that, even a written agreement certified by a notary does not have the legal status required to trigger enforcement . To give an agreement legal status, clients should come to such an agreement within the framework of the court process, which in turn will give it legally enforceable status.

In the worst case scenario, the parties are unable to agree and a decision on who the child lives with and what the visitation rights will be for the second parent comes down to a judge. The Russian legal system typically views the best option for a child as remaining with their mother, especially for an underage child who is unable to express their opinion on the matter before a court. That aside, the key factors determining a court's decision on the child's place of residence are: age, need for close care, each parent's ability to provide such care, living conditions, the ability to provide accommodation, the existing order of the child's upbringing and, in the end, the child's affection towards each parent. From the age of 10 a child's opinion must be taken into account when the issue of custody is being decided and, as a rule, is a key factor in a judge's final decision.

Illness, handicap and anti-social or aggressive behavior that could negatively impact the physical or psychological development of a child are potential grounds for a court to reject a custody request by a parent.

Different citizenships of parents has no bearing on a custody case. Russian law provides for children emigrating or living in a foreign country if it is believed to be in the child's best interests.

In contrast to many countries, in Russia a court rarely gives joint custody over a child (i.e. the child dividing their time equally between both parents). In general, custody is given to the mother. The second parent retains the right to visit the child, take them on weekends and vacation together; a court sets the exact schedule for visitations. In doing so, the judge takes into account the parents' work schedules, the child's schooling and/or other commitments, the child's health and any doctors' recommendations.

Task 4. Translate the text in writing paying attention to the words and grammar constructions in bold.

Children on Family Breakdown: the UK

Part I

The Duty to Children in Divorce Proceedings

An important policy objective of the law of divorce is to protect the best interests of children. In furtherance of this objective, the petitioner must file with the divorce court a Statement of Arrangements for Children setting out required information about any child of the family under the age of 16 or over that age if he or she is still receiving education or training

.The court's duty must be exercised in respect of any child of the family age under 16, unless it directs otherwise. A 'child of the family' includes not just parents' own child but a nonmarital child of one or both parties and any other children adopted by the parries as a child of the family (but excluding a local authority foster-child) . Thus, the district judge must consider arrangements for natural and adopted children, privately fostered children and step-children.

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Having looked at the Statement of Arrangements the district judge will usually be satisfied that there is no need for the court to exercise any of its powers under the Children Act, and will certify to that effect. If not satisfied, he can direct that further evidence be filed, or order a welfare report, or order that one or both parents attend court. In practice, however, the district judge usually accepts the statements on the form and makes no further enquiries before granting the final divorce decree. Even if there is a disputed issue the court will usually take the view that any disputed matter can be dealt with at a subsequent hearing, and it will not delay the divorce.

Residence Disputes

An unresolvable dispute about residence arrangements for a child on family breakdown can be decided by applying for a residence order, which the High Court, county courts and magistrates' family proceedings courts have jurisdiction to make under s.8 Children Act 1989.

Residence disputes often go hand in hand with contact disputes, as the non-resident parent will usually wish to have contact with the child. Other parental disputes (for example about education, medical treatment, taking a child out of the UK and changing the child's name) can be decided by making an application for a prohibited steps or specific issue order which the courts can also make under s.8 Children Act 1989. Some parents enter into disputes about financial provision for their children on family breakdown, in particular child support.

Residence Orders

A residence order is an order 'settling the arrangements to be made as to the person with whom a child is to live' (s.8(l) Children Act 1989).

Before the Children Act 1989 came into force in October 1991 parental disputes about children on family breakdown were resolved in custody proceedings, where a sole or joint custody order would usually be granted with care and control to one parent (usually the mother) and access to the other (usually the father). However, in discussions leading up to the Children Act the Law Commission had criticised the term 'custody' (and 'care and control' and 'access'), because 'custody' created a parental claim right and had the potential to increase hostility and bitterness between parents which was detrimental for' their children.

Under s.ll(4) Children Act 1989 the court can make a 'shared' residence order, which is a residence order 'made in favour of two or more persons who do not all live together', and which 'specifies the periods during which the child is to live in the different households concerned' (s.ll(4)). When considering whether or not to make the order, the court must apply the welfare test and the other welfare provisions in s.l Children Act 1989.

Over the years, however, judges have become more willing to make shared residence orders, and in the following case the Court of Appeal relaxed its earlier restrictions on making them, and held that it was no longer necessary to show exceptional circumstances in order to obtain an order. For example, in D v. D (Shared Residence Order) [2001] a pattern had been established on marriage breakdown whereby the three children spent substantial periods of time with each parent, but where the arrangements were subject to a high degree of animosity between the parents and frequent legal proceedings had been brought to sort out the details. The father applied for a shared residence order, which was granted at first instance. The mother appealed. The Court of Appeal dismissed her appeal, and held that, contrary to earlier case-law, it was not necessary to show that exceptional circumstances existed before a shared order could be granted, and neither was it probably necessary to show a positive benefit to the child. What must be shown is that the order is in the child's best interests in accordance with the welfare principle in s.l Children Act 1989. Here, on the facts, it was necessary to make the shared order to lessen the animosity between the parties.

(from Kate Standly “Family Law” 2008, pp. 294-295,

334-339, abridged)

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Task 5. Read the text and render it into Russian.

Children on Family Breakdown: the UK

Part II

Finance and Property Orders for Children from the Courts

In addition to maintenance for children, which is available from the courts in a residual category of cases, the court can make lump sum orders and property orders to or for the benefit of a child. These powers can be exercised in divorce (nullity and judicial separation) proceedings, and in proceedings for the dissolution (annulment or separation) of a civil partnership.

Orders for Children on Divorce and Dissolution of a Civil Partnership

Under Part II of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 the divorce court can make periodical payments orders (maintenance) and lump sum orders for a child in proceedings for divorce (or annulment or judicial separation). A 'child of the family' includes the parents' own child, any stepchild and a privately fostered child (but not a child in authority care). The divorce court can also make the following property orders to or for the benefit of a child of the family: a transfer of property order; a settlement property order; an order varying an ante-nuptial agreement; a postnuptial settlement for the benefit of the child; and an order for the sale of property.

The above orders can be made to or for the benefit of (s.29): a child under 18; and a child over 18 who is, will be, or would be (if an order were made), receiving instruction at an educational establishment or undergoing training for a trade, profession or vocation, of where special circumstances justify an order being made.

When exercising its discretion to decide whether to make an order and, if so, in what manner, the court must consider all the circumstances of the case, including in particular: the child's financial needs, income, earning capacity (if any), property and other financial resources; any physical or mental disability of the child; and the manner in which the child is expected to be educated or trained. It must also take into account such factors as the spouses resources and financial needs, the standard of living enjoyed by the family befog marriage breakdown and any disability of either spouse.

Where the court is exercising its powers against a spouse in favour of a child of the family who is not a child of that party (such as a step-child) the court must also have regard to: whether that party assumed any responsibility for child maintenance and, if so, the extent to which, and the basis upon which, that party assumed responsibility and the length of time for which that party discharged such responsibility , etc.

Finance and Property Orders for Children Under the Children Act 1989

On an application by a parent, guardian or special guardian of a child, or by any person in whose favour a residence order is in force with respect to a child, the court may make any of the following orders against either or both parents to a child (including a stepparent):

-a periodical payments order (secured or unsecured);

-a lump sum order, provided that such an order may be made to enable expenses in connection with the birth or maintenance of the child, which were reasonably incurred before the making of the order, to be met ;

-a settlement of property order;

-a transfer of property order.

These orders can be made in favour of the applicant for the benefit of the child, or in favour of the child - except for a settlement of property order which can only be made for

the benefit of the child. The High Court and the county court can make any of these orders, but the powers of the magistrates in the family proceedings court are limited. Periodical payments (unsecured and secured) can be varied and discharged. The court can make further periodical

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payments orders (unsecured or secured) and lump sum orders with respect to a child who has not reached the age of 18, but it cannot make more than one settlement of property order and more than one transfer of property order.

The court may make periodical payments orders and lump sum orders for a child aged over 18 against one or both parents (but not against a step-parent or foster-parent). The court can make these orders on the application of a child aged over 18 who is, will be, or (if an order were made) would be, receiving instruction at an educational establishment or undergoing training for a trade, profession or vocation. The court can also make an order where special circumstances exist.

Task 6. Match the terms with their definitions and translate from English into Russian.

1. alimony

2. child of the family

3. custody

4. guardian (children’s guardian)

5. maintenance

6. parental responsibility

7. residence order

8. statement of arrangements

9. visitation

10. ward of court

Task 7. Translate the text in written form.

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