10. L.V. Scherba classifies the pronunciation errors as phonological and phonetic.

1. If a foreigner mispronounces the invariant feature of the allophone(in this case one allophone is replaced by another allophone of a different phoneme) , he makes a phonological mistake and it prevents understanding

For example if the vowel i(долгий) in the word beat becomes slightly more open, more advanced or no longer diphthongized this word can be perceived as bit.

Ex. Leave-live

Walk-work

Bad-bed

Bat-Bet

This kind of mistakes isn’t admitted in teaching pronunciation to any type of language learner.

2. If the non-distinctive feature of the allophone is lost ( that is if a foreigner pronounces one allophone instead of another allophone of the same phoneme), the mistake is phonetic.

In this case the meaning of the word is not affected.

When the vowel i(долгий) is fully long in such a word as sheep for instance the quality of it remaining the same, the meaning of the word doesn’t change.

Ex. Speak (с аспирацией – неправильно)- speak (без аспирации – правильно) (the sound p loses its aspiration because it follows the sound s)

Nevertheless language learners are advised not to let phonetic mistakes into their pronunciation. If they do make them the degree of their foreign accent will certainly be an obstacle to the listener’s perception.

ВСЁ! но так как это мало, можно блеснуть и рассказать ещё одну классификацию ошибок, которая как-то у нас встречалась в вопросах. there is another classification of pronunciation mistakes in English learning.

Communication between the two language systems is the reason for the interference. Mother tongue dominates and influences the second language. According to the matter involved, there are two types of interference - interlanguage and intralanguage.

The most common mistakes occur in interlanguage interference. In this case, mistakes appear because of the negative transfer of habits from the native language (sometimes from the first foreign language that is supposed to be in very good command) to the second language. Ex. Sink (сильно палатализованный - синк) in Russian the consonants are fully palatalized before the front vowels, but in English they should be only slightly palatalized. Also: we don’t have several English sounds in Russian and begin to mix them with likely Russian sounds this (зис), term (тёёёём)

Intralanguage interference occurs when learners make mistakes under the influence of the already acquired language knowledge and established habits in the foreign language.

Ex. prison(в конце вместо зэн – зн)

We know that if only a plosive precedes the sonorant n we have nasal plosion, so no sound is pronounced between them.

11. The physical properties of a sound and their articulatory correlations and acoustic qualities

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1. Frequency. It is the number of vibrations per second and perception of these frequently repeated actions on the eardrum.

The similar phonetic characteristic is pitch

2. Intensity. It is produced by the amplitude of vibrations and perceived as variations in the loudness of the sound.

Loudness is a phonetic characteristic

3. Sound quality. It is achieved by varying the shape and the size of the cavities (pharyngeal, nasal and mouth), each of which functions as a resonator.

Timbre – phonetic characteristic

4. Quantity. It is the amount of the time during which the same vibratory movement is held.

Duration or length is a phonetic characteristic

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Frequency-in acoustics the measure of how many times per second a pattern of vibration is repeated. It corresponds to the fundamental frequency of a periodic sound. It is the lowest frequency that can be found in the periodic waveform. In speech, this is almost also the frequency of the vibration of the vocal cords.

Intensity-the amount of acoustic energy in a sound. Often used informally as a synonymous with amplitude to which it is closely related.

Loudness – the auditory property of a sound which enables the listener to place it on a scale going from soft to loud without considering the acoustic properties such as the intensity of a sound.

A sound spectrum is a representation of a sound – usually a short sample of a sound – in terms of the amount of vibrations at each individual frequency. It is usually presented as a graph of either power of pressure as a function of frequency. The power of pressure is usually measured in decibels and a frequency is measured in vibrations per second (or hertz). So sound spectrum is amount of frequency plus this amount of frequency etc until you have put together the whole complicated sound.

Pause- a time interval during which there is a temporary cessation of something(temporary inactivity)

The spectrum of speech sounds contains formants, which are stable groups of frequency components corresponding to certain phonetic elements. The energy parameter of sound vibrations id sound intensity, the subjective parameter, which is associated with the intensity, is loudness, which is dependent on frequency.