Тема 5. Проблемы занятости и безработицы

121. Unemployment (безработица) - according to the definition of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, joblessness among people who are actively looking for work and would take a job if one were offered. (US - definition)

Unemployment (безработица) - is the total number of hours that people want to work in a period, minus the number that they actually do work. (UK - definition).

122. The labor force (рабочая сила) - all individuals 16 years of age and older who are either working or actively looking for work.

123. The unemployment rate (уровень безработицы) - expresses the number of unemployed workers as a percentage of the labor force; the number of people who are unemployed divided by the number of people in the labor force.

124. A discouraged worker (рабочий, потерявший надежду на получение работы) - is a person who has dropped out of the labor force because of failure to find a job.

Типы безработицы:

125. Frictional unemployment (фрикционная безработица) - unemployment caused by workers voluntarily changing jobs and by temporary layoffs.

126. Structural unemployment (структурная безработица) - unemployment caused by changes in the structure of demand for consumer goods and in technology; workers who are unemployed either because their skills are not demanded by employers or because they lack sufficient skills to obtain employment.

127. Seasonal unemployment (сезонная безработица) - is unemployment caused by seasonal shifts in labor supply and demand.

128. Cyclical unemployment (циклическая безработица) - unemployment caused by insufficient aggregate demand; it occurs because of the decline in the economy's aggregate output during recessions.

129. Labor market policy (политика на рынке труда) - attempts to reduce structural unemployment through education, job training, and other activities

130. Full employment (полная занятость) - 1) using all available economic resources to produce goods and services; 2) when 94 to 96 percent of the civilian labor force is employed.

131. Civilian labor force (гражданская рабочая сила) - persons sixteen years of age and older who are not in institutions or the armed forces (the noninstitutional civilian population) who are willing and able to work and who are either employed or actively seeking employment.

132. Underemployment (сверхзанятость) - failure to produce the maximum amount of goods and services that can be produced from the resources employed; occurs when workers are overqualified for their jobs; failure to achieve full production.

133. Full production (полное производство) - the maximum amount of goods and services that can be produced from the employed resources of an economy; the absence of underemployment.

134. Okun's law (Закон Оукена) - a change in the rate of full-time unemployment is associated with the percentage change in GNP that is about three times as large.

135. Potential output (потенциальный объем продукции) - GNP that could be produced at a specified (high) level of capacity utilization.

136. Output gap (отставание выпуска продукции) - difference between actual and potential output.

137. The natural rate of unemployment (естественный уровень безработицы) - is the rate that occurs when the economy is producing its potential level of GNP.